IC-NRLF 


117 


THELYCHEE 
ANDLUNGAM 


H 


G. 


OF 
CARFENTIER 


Reproduction  of  a  Lychee  Painting  Attributed  to 

the  Sung  Emperor,  Hui  Tsung,  and  Entitled 

"The  Ch'en  Purple  Lychee  Embroidered  Fragrant  Bag. 

Permission  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 


The  Lychee  and  Lungan 


BY 

GEORGE   WEIDMAN    GROFF 


I 


Representative,  The  Pennsylvania  State  College  Mission  to  China, 

Professor  of  Horticulture  and  Director  of  Agricultural 

Work,  Canton  Christian  College 


WITH   ELEVEN  APPENDICES,  INCLUDING  CONTRIBUTIONS   BY 

FREDERICK  V.  COVILLE,  WALTER  T.  SWINGLE,  EDWARD  GOUCHER,  AND  MICHAEL  J.  HAGERTY 

ALL    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    DEPARTMENT 

OF*rAGRICULTURE 


Sixty-eight  Illustrations  and  One  Color  Plate 


NEW  YORK 

Orange  Judd  Company 

Canton  Christian  College 

LONDON 

Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Trubner  &  Co.,  Limited 

CANTON,  CHINA 

Canton  Christian  College 

1921 


COPYRIGHT,  1921,  BY 

CANTON    CHRISTIAN    COLLEGE 

All  Rights  Reserved 


PRINTED    IN    CHINA    AND    U.S.A. 


TO 

HMtrr  C. 

AND    HIS    WIFE 

fcclierman 


WHOSE    KNOWLEDGE    OF    CHINAS    PLANTS    AND    LITERATURE 

AND    DEEP    INTEREST   IN    CHINA 

HAVE    BEEN    A    CONSTANT   INSPIRATION    AND   HELP 
IN   THIS    STUDY 


466566 


PREFACE 


Most  occidentals  resident  in  South  China  have  joined  the 
Chinese  in  their  zealous  enthusiasm  for  the  lychee.  It  has  been  the 
writer's-  privilege  to  have  lived  for  twelve  years  in  the  very  heart  of 
one  of  the  two  famous  lychee  producing  regions  of  China.  Shortly 
after  arrival  upon  the  South  China  field,  as  representative  of  the? 
Pennsylvania  State  College  Horticultural  Mission  at  the  Canton 
Christian  College,  I  was  asked  to  make  a  thorough  study  of  the 
lychee  and  lungan  in  their  native  region.  The  present  work  is  the 
result  of  these  investigations. 

The  western  horticulturist  should  naturally  find  in  this  work 
something  of  interest  with  regard  to  fruits  of  a  family  with  which  he 
has  doubtless  had  little  acquaintance.  Interesting  theories  and 
practices  of  Chinese  fruit  growers  should  be  of  some  value  to  fruit 
growers  of  the  West.  And  to  those  interested  in  the  introduction. of 
the  lychee  and  lungan  into  other  lands  these  investigations  should 
lead  to  a  more  adequate  understanding  of  the  peculiar  characteristics 
of  these  fruits,  without  which  there  is  little  hope  of  successful  culture. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  work  will  be  of  interest  not  only  to 
horticulturists  but  also  to  those  of  East  and  West  who  are  interested 
in  the  past,  present  and  future  of  China.  The  historical  setting  of 
the  lychee  and  lungan  as  revealed  in  Chinese  literary  works  should  be 
of  some  value  to  students  of  Chinese  literature  and  Chinese  history. 
An  acquaintance  with  these  works  should  arouse  the  western  world 
to  a  realization  of  the  importance  of  Chinese  literature  as  a  possible 
source  of  knowledge  for  present-day  progress  in  scientific  develop- 
ment. To  the  student  of  geography  and  world  affairs,  South  China, 
and  its  industrious,  self-sacrificing  people,  should  occupy  a  more 
prominent  position  because  of  knowledge  with  regard  to  this  people 
in  this  one  special  phase  of  their  endeavor;  and  because  of  the  interest 
of  South  China's  widely  travelled  emigrants  in  carrying  the  gospel  of 
their  favorite  fruit  to  the  ends  of  the  earth. 


THE  LYCHKK  AND  LUNGAN 


The  writer  desires  to  express  his  appreciation  for  valuable 
assistance  in  the  field  to  his  many  Chinese  students  and  friends,  with- 
out whose  help  the  work  would  have  been  very  difficult.  To  the 
many  Chinese  orchardists  whom  I  have  interviewed  and  to  the 
Chinese  nurserymen  in  whose  homes  I  have  been  entertained  a  wish 
is  expressed  that  Chinese  investigators  and  students  may  have  as 
cordial  treatment  in  the  hands  of  the  western  public.  To  Dr.  David 
Fairchild  and  his  staff  in  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  In- 
troduction of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  the  writer 
is  indebted  for  access  to  information  whereby  he  could  better  under- 
stand the  real  problems  involved  in  the  introduction  of  these  fruits 
into  the  United  States;  especially  to  the  late  Mr.  S.  C.  Stuntz  for  his 
valuable  suggestions  and  corrections  in  the  preparation  of  the  original 
manuscript.  Special  obligation  is  expressed  to  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Walter 
T,  Swingle  for  encouragement  and  their  untiring  efforts  to  assist  in  a 
thorough  study  of  the  European  and  Chinese  literature  and  in  a  more 
complete  understanding  of  some  of  the  vital  phases  of  the  work.  Dr. 
Swingle  made  many  valuable  suggestions  with  regard  to  the  possibili- 
ties in  the  use  of  other  species  of  the  "  lychee  group  "  for  hybridizing 
and  stock.  Thanks  is  due  Dr.  S.  W.  Fletcher,  Professor  of 
Horticulture  at  the  Pennsylvania  State  College  for  encouragement  in 
the  study  and  for  reading  the  original  manuscipt;  and  to  Prof.  I.  L. 
Foster,  Professor  of  Romance  Languages,  for  translation  of  some  of 
the  European  literature.  In  the  study  of  the  Chinese  literature  the 
writer  is  indebted  for  the  assistance  of  one  of  his  old  students,  Mr,. 
Li  Ch'eng  Lan  (Li  Ch'ing  Lan,  3*  $£  $!j)  and  to  Mr.  Kuo  Hua 
Ssin  ( Kwok  Wa  Sau  ||J  ^  ^ )  for  assistance  in  checking  investigations. 
To  Mr.  Michael  J.  Hagerty  of  the  Office  of  Crop  Physiology  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  acknowledgement  is  due  for 
a  translation  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  Li  Chili  P'ir,  and  to  Mr.  Ho  Hung 
P'ing  (fpj  &&  2p)  of  the  Canton  Christian  College  for  a  translation  of 
Wu  Ying  K'uei's  Ling  Nan  Li  Chili  P'u, 

In  1917  it  was  an  agreeable  surprise  to  return  from  China  to 
the  United  States  and  to  find  in  the  Library  of  Congress  at  Washing- 
ton an  excellent  collection  of  Chinese  works,  with  a  system  of 
classification  facilitating  ready  reference.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say 
that  this  work,  in  its  present  form,  would  not  have  been  possible 
without  reference  to  these  valuable  works  whereby  the  writer  has 
been  able  to  check  original  investigations  in  his  own  region  and  to 


PREFACE; 


secure  valuable  information  regarding  the  culture  of  these  fruits  in 
other  sections  of  China  and  Judo  China.  The  large  collection  of 
Chinese  provincial,  prefectural  and  district  gazetteers  found  in  the 
Library  of  Congress  has  led  to  a  source  of  information  of  extreme 
value.  A  careful  study  of  the  Chinese  writings  on  the  lychee,  in- 
cluding chese  geographical  works,  has  resulted  in  a  strong  conviction 
that  a  knowledge  of  Chinese  literature  is  not  only  essential  in  any 
study  of  the  varieties,  culture  and  uses  of  cultivated  plants  in  China, 
but  that  such  knowledge  is  of  the  greatest  value  in  any  attempt  to 
introduce  these  plants  into  successful  culture  in  the  West.  The 
enthusiasm  for  Chinese  literature  shown  by  men  like  Dr.  Walter  T. 
Swingle  should  in  the  years  to  come  awaken  the  western  world  to  the 
treasures  stored  within  its  pages.  Dr.  Swingle's  inspiration  and  Dr. 
Herbert  Putnam's  hearty  co-operation  has  brought  the  Chinese 
collection  in  the  Library  of  Congress  to  its  present  good  condition 
and  I  believe  this  is  destined  to  become  the  very  best  collection  out-, 
side  of  China  itself. 

It  is  not  always  easy  to  be  consistent  in  the  romanization  o£ 
Chinese  names.  But  except  where  indicated  by  the  phrase  "in 
Cantonese",  or  otherwise,  the  spelling  followed  is  always  the 
Mandarin  according  to  Herbert  A.  Giles  Chinese-English  Dictionary  ; 
except  in  the  names  of  places  with  post  offices,  "when  the  Postal 
Guide,  issued  by  the  Ministry  of  Communications  of  China,  is 
followed.  As  the  Mandarin  romanization  of  the  names  of'Kwang- 
tung  men,  places  and  fruits  is  hardly  intelligible  to  those  working  in 
the  Canton  district,  the  Cantonese  romanization  according  to  the 
Eitel-Genahr  Chinese-English  Dictionary  in  the  Cantonese  Dialect 
has  in  many  cases  been  placed  in  parenthesis  with-  the  Chinese 
characters. 

In  conclusion  the  writer  wishes  to  express  his  gratitude  to 
Mr.-  Kenneth  Duncan  of  the  Canton  Christian  College  for  valuable 
suggestions  in  the  preparation  of  the  manuscript  for  the  press  and  for 
his  willingness  to  supervise  the  publication  of  the  work  in  the  writer's 
absence. 

G.   WEIDMAN  GROI-F 
Ling  'Nam,  Cancon,  China, 


Ml 


TABLE     OF     CONTENTS 

Page 

PREFACE 

I.      Introduction 

II.      Origin  of  the  Names  Lychee  (|£1i)  and  Lungan  (flUR) 

and  English  Spelling  and  Romanization 13 

III.  Chinese  Literature  on  the  Lychee.  . . . 16 

IV.  European  and  American  Literature  on  the  Lychee  and 

Lungan . .  23 

V.      Botany  of  Four  Important  Sapindaceous  Fruits  ... 32 

VI.      The  South   China  Region,   the   Home  of -the  Lychee 

and  Lungan 44 

VII.      Some  Important  Ling  Nan  Centers 47 

VIII.      The  Climate  Best  Adapted  to  the  Lychee  and  Lungan  54 
IX.      Soils  Adapted  to  the  Lychee  and  Lungan  and  Cultural 

Methods 58 

X       Methods  of  Propagation .  64 

XI.     The  Lychee  and  Lungan  in  Commerce 71 

XII.      Knemies , 82 

XIII.  Varieties  of  the  Lychee 87 

XIV.  The  Lungan 103 

XV.      The    Introduction    of    the    Lychee    and    Lungan    into 

Other  Lands '.    Ill 

XVI.      Summary 116 

APPENDICES 
I.      Bibliography  of  Chinese  References  on  the  Lychee  and 

the  Lungan 119 

II.      Bibliography  of  Western  References  on  the  Lychee. . .    127 

III.  Canton  Weather  Table 142 

IV,  Present-Day    Varieties    of     Kwangturg    Lychee    and 

Lungan  . 14  3 

V.      Analyses  of  Lychee  and  Lungan  Fruits 149 


Page 

VI.     The   Lychee    a   Mycorhizal    Plant.      FREDERICK   V. 

COVILLE 151 

VII.     Lack  of  Winter  Dormancy  and  the  Low  Zero  Point  of 
Growth  of  the  Lychee  Limiting  Factors  in  Its 

Culture  in  Florida.    WALTER  T.  SWINGLE 153 

VIII.     Rooting  Lychee  Cuttings  by  Means  of  a  High  Tem- 
perature and  High  Humidity  Process.    EDWARD 

GOUCHER 1 57 

IX.  Sung  Chio's  Account  of  the  Organization  of  a  Lychee 
Club  at  P'ut'ien,  Fukien  Province,  during  the 
Ming  Dynasty.  Translated  by  Michael  J. 

Hagerty,  assisted  by  Ch'en  Ts'ing-hua.  . 160 

X.     Detailed  Description  of  Illustrations 164 

XL     Supplementary  Notes 171 

POSTFACE 173 

ERRATA 175 

INDEX 176 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Plate 
I. 


Fig. 


Facing  Page 
or  Plate 


Reproduction  of  a  Lychee  Painting  Attributed  to  the  Sung 


Emperor,  Hui  Tsung,  and  entitled  "The  Ch'en  Purple 
Lychee    Embroidered    Fragrant    Bag."      (One-third 

natural  size.)  . Back  of  Frontispiece 

II.  A  Kwangtung  Lychee  Landscape Frontispiece 

III.       ia.  Reproduction  of  Ancient  Rubbing  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  "Li 

ChihP'u."    (Two-fifths  natural  size.) 16 

III.  ib.  Reproduction  of  a  Copy  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  "Li  Chih  P'u" 

Written  on  Silk.    (About  two-fifths  natural  size.) ...     16 

IV.  ic.  Reproduction  of  a  Page  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  "Li  Chih  P'u"  in 

the  Tsung  Li  Yaman  Reprint  of  the  Chinese  Imperial 

Encyclopedia.    (Two-thirds  natural  size.) 17 

V.       2.    Herbarium  Specimen  of  Litchi  philippinensis  Radlk.    (One- 
half  natural  size.) 34 

V.      3.    Herbarium  Specimen  of  Euphoria  cinerea  Radlk.    (One-half 

natural  size.) 34 

VI.      4.    Root  System  of  a  Mature  Lychee  Tree 35 

VI.       5.    A  Flower  Panicle  of  the  Lychee 35 

VII.      6.    Rice  Field  with  Lychee  Trees  along  Inner  and  Outer  Dykes.     44 

VII.       7.    Limb  of  Lychee  Tree  over  Lotus  Pond 44 

VIII.      8.     Cantonese  Women  Harvesting  Sagittaria  in  Muddy  Field 

Bordered  with  Lychee Plate  IX 

VIII.  9.  Fish-Ponds  along  the  Pearl  River  Bordered  with  Lychee  .  Plate  IX 
IX.  10.  Lychee  Trees  along  Walled  Dykes  of  Pearl  River  .  .  Plate  VIII 
IX.  n.  Lychee  Trees  Withstand  the  Pearl  River  in  Flood.  .Plate  VIII 

X.     12.    Attractive  Walk  along  Lychee  Dykes 45 

X.     13.    Lychee  and  Plum  Planted  across  Dyked  Fields 45 

XI.     14.     Canton  Christian  College  Students  Picking  Lychee  along 

the  Dykes 46 

XI.  15.  Crop  Watcher  and  His  Thatched  Hut  along  the  Dykes  .  .  46 
XII.  16.  Baskets  of  Ling  Nan  Lychee  Ready  for  Market  .  .  Plate  XIII 
XII.  17.  Fruiting  Clusters  of  Ling  Nan  Lychee Plate  XIII 

XIII.  18.     Canton  Christian  College  Middle  School  Students  in  Lychee 

Practicum Plate  XII 

XIV.  19.    A  Heavily  Fruiting  Limb  of  Lychee 47 

XIV.     20.    The  Lychee,  a  Heavy  Bearer 47 

XV.  21.  The  Lychee  Protected  from  Bats  by  Wire  Netting  ....  50 
XV.  22.  Terraced  Hillsides  of  Lo  Kang  Planted  to  Lychee  and 

Canarium 50 

XVI.     23.     Stockade  Surrounding  Famous  Kua  lu — Hanging-green — 

Lychee  ...^ 51 

XVI.     24.     Bamboo  Fence  and  Net  Provide  the  Kua  lu — Hanging- 
green — Lychee  with  Additional  Protection 51 

XVII.     25.    Upland  Plantations  of  Lychee  at  Hsin  T'ang  Not  Unlike 

Apple  Orchards 52 

XVIII.     26.     Fang  Yung  Lychee  Nurseries  with  Mango  Windbreak ..     .     53 
XVIII.     27.    Fang  Yung  Lychee  Orchard  of  Named  Varieties  for  Propa- 
gation   53 

XIX.     28.     Pair  of  Ta  tsao — Large  crop— Lychee  Trees 58 

XIX.     29.    Fang  Yung  Nurseryman  Seated  under  Hsi  chio  tsu — Rhino- 
ceros horn — Lychee  Tree 58 

XX.  An  Acid  Peaty  Soil  Better  for  the  Lychee  than  an  Ordinary 

Fertile  Soil  .  .Plate  XXI 


Plate     Fig.  Facing  Page 

or  Plate 

XXI              Healthy  Lychee   Root   Showing   the   Mycorhizal  Tuber- 
cles  Plate  XX 

XXII.  Enlarged  Sections  of  Lychee  Root  Tubercles  Showing  the 

Cells  Gorged  with  the  Mycorhizal  Fungus .  .    .  Plate  XXIII 
XXIII              Mycorhizal  Fungi  in  the  Cells  of  Lychee  Root  Tuber- 
cles    Plate  XXII 

XXIV.     30.     Raised-bed  Lychee  Plantation  Showing  Water-channel.  .    .     59 
XXIV.    31.     Low-lying  Delta  Lychee  Plantations  Showing  Well-con- 
structed Bridge  across  Canal 59 

XXV.     32.     Fertilizing  Dyke  Lychee  with  Night  Soil 60 

XXVI.  33.  Beds  of  Lychee  with  Holes  for  Night  Soil  Fertilizer.  .  .  .  61 
XXVI.  34.  Unloading  a  Night  Soil  Boat  for  Fertilizing  Lychee  ...  .  61 
XXVII.  35.  Unloading  Lychee  from  District  Passage  Boats  in  Canton 

City 64 

XXVII.  36.  Nursery  Beds  of  Chinese  Air-layered  Lychee  Trees  ...  .  64 
XXVIII.  37.  Raising  Lychee  Nursery  Stock  with  Ball  of  Earth  Attached.  65 

XXVIII.     38.     Boat  Load  of  Lychee  Nursery  Stock 65 

XXIX.     39.     Potted  Lychee  in  the  Famous  Hua  Ti  Gardens,  Canton, 

China 66 

XXIX.     40.     Potted  Lychee  as  Ornamentals 66 

XXX.    44.     Cluster  of  No  mi  ts'z — Glutinous  rice — Lychee.    (One-half 

natural  size.) 67 

XXX.     46.     Cluster    of    Hsiang    li — Fragrant — Lychee.       (One-third 

natural  size.) 67 

XXXI.  42.  Serious  Insect  Enemy  of  the  Lychee,  Tessoratoma  papillosa.  82 
XXXII.  41.  Killing  Lychee  Tree  Borers  with  "Hisser"  Firecrackers  .  .  83 
XXXII.  43.  Trunk  of  Lychee  Tree  Covered  with  Lichens  and  Track  of 

Borer 83 

XXXIII.  45.    Natural  Size  and  Natural  Color  Reproduction  of  the  No  mi 

ts'z — Glutinous  rice — Lychee 92 

XXXIV.  47.    Original  Parent  Tree  of  Hsi  chio  tsu — Rhinoceros  horn- 

Variety  94 

XXXIV.     48.    An  Immense  Lychee — Rhinoceros  horn — Tree  with  Trunk 

Twelve  Feet  in  Circumference 94 

XXXV.  49.  Heiyeh — Black  leaf — Lychee.  (One-half  natural  size.)  .  .  95 
XXXV.  50.  Fei  tsu  hsiao — Imperial  concubine  laugh.  (One-half  natural 

size.) 95 

XXXVI.     51.     Ch'umatsu — China  grass  fiber — Lychee.    (One-half  natural 

size.) 96 

XXXVI.     52.    The   Huai   chih   Lychee   Labeled   Hei   yeh— Black   leaf. 

(Three-fourths  natural  size.) 96 

XXXVII.     53.    The  San  yueh  hung— Third  month  red— Lychee.     (Two- 
thirds  natural  siz'e.) 97 

XXXVII.     54.     Large  Seeded  Shan  chih — Mountain  Lychee — Used  for  Stock 

for  Grafting 97 

XXXVIII.     55.     Chuang    yuan    hung — Royal    red — Lychee.      (Two- thirds 

natural  size.) 102 

XXXIX.     56.    The  Yau  yen  Lungan  as  a  Temple  Tree 103 

XXXIX.     57.    The  Rounded  Head  of  a  Fruiting  Lungan  Tree 103 

XL.     58.    Wu  yuan — Black  ball — Lungan  Seedling  Fourteen  Months 

Old no 

XLI.     59.     A   Fruiting   Cluster   of   Wu  yuan — Black   ball — Lungan. 

(Two-fifths natural  size.) in 

XLI.     60.    The  She  p'i— Snake  Skin— Lungan.    (Two-thirds  natural 

size.) in 


THE  LYCHEE    #;,  AND  LUNGAN 


CHAPTER  I 
INTRODUCTION 

Few  world  centers  are  so  conspicuously  characterized  by  two 
distinct  and  native  fruits  as  is  South  China  by  the  lychee  and  the  lung- 
an.  He  who  in  the  West  has  had  a  Chinese  numbered  among  his 
friends  or  acquaintances  has  doubtless  seen  the  lychee  in  its  dried 
form.  This  so-called  "  Chinese"  or  "lychee  nut"  has  for  years  been 
the  favorite  Christmas  or  New  Year  gift  of  Chinese  living  abroad. 
As  a  result  of  their  generosity  it  is  to-day  one  of  the  most  popular 
Chinese  agricultural  products  on  the  Western  markets  and  is  of  increas- 
ing commercial  importance.  The  lungan  is  even  more  rarely  met 
in  the  West  than  is  the  lychee.  But  he  who  has  lived  or  visited  in 
South  China  in  the  summer  season  will  never  forget  the  curious  little 
"dragon-eye"  which  follows  on  the  markets  immediately  after  the 
lychee  and  which  is  quickly  recognized  as  the  little  brother  of  this 
fascinating  fruit. 


The  lychee  (2£3t)  ,  Lilchi  chine  nsis  Sonn.  ,  indigenous  to  South 
China  and  cultivated  extensively  only  in  that  region,  is  marketed  and 
relished  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Chinese  Republic. 
It  is  famous  throughout  Asia  where  it  is  preserved  in  various  forms 
an'd  is  used  in  a  variety  of  fancy  dishes.  The  dried  form  is  commonly 
served  on  the  tables  of  Pacific  steamships,  and  in  Europe  and  America 
it  appears  in  Chinese  restaurants  and  in  the  homes  of  connoisseurs. 

The  lungan  (flH&)  Euphoria  longana-Lam.,  is  similarly  dried 
and  used  by  the  Chinese  but  to  a  more  limited  extent  than  is  the 
lychee.  In  medicine,  however,  it  has  a  wider  use  than  has  the 
lychee.  In  recent  years  both  of  these  fruits  have  appeared  in  canned 
form,  preserved  in  sugared  syrup.  The  labels  on  the  tin  cans  are 
printed  in  both  Chinese  and  English  and  are  very  similar  to  those  of 
western  fruits  now  rapidly  making  inroads  on  Chinese  markets.  In 
both  the  canned  and  dried  forms  the  lychee  and  lungan  are  delicious 
products;  but  they  cannot  be  fully  appreciated  except  when  eaten 
freshly  picked  from  their  attractive  evergreen  trees. 

5 


THK  LYCHKE  AND  LUNGAN 


It  is  a  surprising  fact  that  among  the  varied  fruits  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  one  does  not  find  a  single  species  belonging  to  the  sub- 
family Nephclicae  of  the  family  Sapindaceae  to  which  these  fruits 
belong.  For  centuries  this  group  has  provided  the  thickly  populated 
regions  of  southern  Asia  and  the  East  Indies  with  several  of  their  most 
delicious  and  refreshing  fruits.  Four  distinct  species,  representing 
three  closely  related  genera,  and  each  with  a  number  or  varieties,  are 
grown  in  China,  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Java,  Sumatra  and  British 
India.  A  few  scattered  trees  have  only  recently  found  their  way  into 
the  West  Indies,  Panama,  southern  Florida  and  southern  California 
where  climatic  conditions  are  somewhat  similar  to  those  in  the  region 
in  which  these  fruits  are  native.  It  is  a  singular  coincidence  that  al- 
though species  of  Litchi  and  Euphoria  appear  in  the  wild  state  in  the 
Philippines,  the  two  edible  species  of  South  China  have  never  been 
extensively  cultivated  in  those  islands.  In  the  Hawaiian  islands  one 
non-edible  species  of  the  family  exists.  Trees  of  the  edible  forms, 
introduced  from  South  China  by  Chinese  residents  in  Hawaii,  have 
for  a  number  of  years  borne  fruits  at  irregular  intervals.  These  trees 
have  only  recently  attracted  the  attention  of  horticulturists.  The 
cultivation  of  the  best  varieties  of  the  lychee  and  lungan,  or  of  the  two 
allied  more  tropical  species  of  Nephelieae,  might  provide  a  paying  in- 
dustry for  some  of  these  regions  in  question.  They  would  certainly 
be  worthy  additions  to  the  fruits  now  on  the  markets  of  the  western 
world. 


The  four  most  widely  cultivated  fruits  of  Nephelicae  are  the 
rambutan  and  pulassan  of  the  malaysian  tropics  and  the  lungan  and 
lychee  of  the  sub-tropical  Asiatic  Mainland.  The  latter,  the  best 'of 
the  four,  is  decidedly  the  most  promising  for  those  regions  in  which 
the  fruits  could  be  grown  for  sale  in  the  United  States.  If  the  lychee 
were  given  the  strict  attention  of  successful  fruit  growers,  and  its 
cultural  peculiarities  carefully  studied,  it  should  be  found  that  certain 
varieties  are  especially  adapted  to  the  low,  wet,  otherwise  useless  land 
of  some  of  these  areas;  while  other  varieties  not  so  promising  might 
be  grown  on  the  hills.  The  lungan  is  a  hardier  species  than  the 
lychee  and  as  such  should  find  a  place  in  the  more  northern  extrem- 
ities of  sub-tropical  regions.  It  is  a  fruit  worth  introducing  and  is  a 
most  valuable  ornamental.  Experimentally  it  will  prove  of  interest 
as  a  stock  and  for  hybridizing  with  the  lychee.  The  rambutan  and 
pulassan,  Nephelium  lappaceum  Linn.,  and  Nephelium  mutabile 
Blume,  are  strictly  tropical  forms  and  should  prove  valuable  introduc- 
tions in  regions  too  warm  for  the  Ivchee  and  lunfran. 


INTRODUCTION 


Chinese  poets  have  sung  praises  to  the  lychee  for  centuries 
while  Chinese  writers  have  written  of  the  value  of  the  lychee  and 
lungan  in  the  home,  in  medicine  and  in  commerce.  In  times  past 
good  Chinese  officials  have  encouraged  the  cultivation  of  these  fruits 
by  protecting  the  parent  trees  of  choice  varieties,  by  disseminating 
information  regarding  cultural  methods  and  by  encouraging  Chinese 
writers  to  make  careful  descriptions  of  the  best  varieties.  Bad  officials 
have  greatly  discouraged  these  important  fruit  industries  by  the  custom, 
formerly  so  rampant  in  China,  of  imposing  tribute  upon  the  grow- 
ers. The  importance  of  the  lychee  in  the  eyes  of  the  Chinese  is 
evinced  by  the  fact  that  there  are  no  less  than  nine  treatises  on  the  ly- 
chee by  famous  authors,  beginning  with  that  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang  (H£)' 
in  A.  D.  1059  and  extending  to  that  of  Wu  Ying  K'uei  (&ll^)2  in 
1826.  The  latter  author  has  written  most  interestingly  of  the  origin 
of  the  name  lychee. 

Travellers  to  China  from  the  earliest  times  have  reported  the 
merits  of  the  lychee  and  have  encouraged  its  introduction  into  Europe 
and  the  United  States.  But  like  many  things  of  Chinese  origin,  this 
important  fruit  is  practically  unknown  on  the  Western  Hemisphere. 
Such  a  well  known  authority  as  Dr.  Augustine  Henry,  who  knows 
well  both  European  and  Oriental  fruits,  has  privately  written  with 
regard  to  the  lychee,  *'  It  is  one  of  the  very  finest  fruits  in  the  world, 
not  excepting  the  apple  and  the  pear.  '  '  A  Portuguese  writer3  does  not 
hesitate  to  say  of  the  lychee,  "It  is  the  most  tasty  and  beautiful  fruit 
that  God  has  created  in  the  Universe."  In  fact  the  lychee  has  for 
many  years  been  a  favorite  subject  of  foreign  writers  but  their  treatment 
has  usually  been  as  brief  as  their  access  to  knowledge  regarding  it. 
One  very  recent  writer4  tersely  remarks  in  a  three  hundred  word  article, 
"  One  of  the  daintiest  packages  that  have  ever  been  wrapped  by  Nat- 
ure's hand  is  the  little  spherical  litchi  fruit.  No  one,  whether  he  is  a 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  Igg),  Li  Chih  P'u  ("#  £  18  )  in  Ku  Chin  Tu 
Shu  Chi  Cheng  (^TtBffgjft),  Po  H-'u  Hui  Pien  (ft  ft  g  ft),  TSao  Muh 
Tien  (&  *  ft),  Action  273  (-  IT  -fc  +  2  *),  U  Chi  Pu  1  (&  &  ffi  ~) 
pages  1-5  (m~ 


2  WU  YING  K'URI  (^  m  m  Ling  Nan  Lt  Chih  Pu 
in  LitiR  -Nan  I  Shu  (Stf^&'S),  book  59  (^2L-HL#)  and   in   six   sections 


?  MONTEIBO  DE  CARVALHO,    JoSE,     Diccionarit    fi'jrti'gueSK.  daf  plantus* 
arhustos,  page  316. 

4  WALKER,  ROBERT  SPARKS,  in   The  Girdr  to  Nature,  v«.l.  MI,  NO. 

3,  p:i£f  34. 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


student  of  nature  or  not,  can  examine  the  litchi  without   admiring   its 
beauty  and  the  sanitary  method  by  which  the  fruit  is  preserved." 

Considerable  effort  has  been  made  to  introduce  the  lychee  and 
lungan  into  western  countries.  William  Roxburgh  (1759-1815)  1 
reports,  'This  very  famous  tree  is  now  common  in  Bengal.  It  was 
originally  brought  from  China.  "  In  the  early  partly  of  the  19th  cent- 
ury the  lychee  and  lungan  reached  Europe.  In  the  Transactions  of 
the  Horticultural  Society  of  London2  is  recorded,  "Two  species  of 
Dinwcarpus  have  been  introduced  into  our  gardens:  the  D.  Litchi. 
and  D.  Longan.  They  are  both  natives,  of  the  southern  pa  it  of  China, 
where  they  are  known  as  the  Litchi,  and  the  Long  yen  and  much 
cultivated;  they  have  also  been  transferred  thence  to  different  places 
in  the  East  Indies.  "  The  lychee  reached  Trinidad  before  1880.  ' 
Florida  grew  the  fruit  as  early  as  1883  when  Robert  Manning  said, 
"  I  tasted  it  and  found  the  flavor  excellent." 

Since  the  year  1907  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant 
Introduction  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  has  run  a 
special  project  to  introduce  the  lychee  into  culture  and  since  that  time 
it  has  been  carefully  studied  at  home  and  abroad  and  information  re- 
garding it  has  been  assembled.  In  1911  a  tree  at  Santa  Barbara,  Cali- 
fornia, bloomed  but  failed  to  carry  its  fruits  to -maturity.  In  1914  it 
fruited.  In  July,  1916,  trees  which  had  been  sent  to  Reasoner 
Brothers  of  Oneco,  Florida,  by  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant 
Introduction,  bore  fruit  of  exceptionally  fine  quality. 

Many  problems  are  involved  in  the  successful  introduction  of 
the  lychee  and  lungan  into  other  lands.  The  climate  and  soils  best 
adpated  to  their  successful  culture  must  first  be  studied  in  their  native 
home.  The  tendancy  of  these  fruits  to  variation,  and  their  ready 
response  to  culture,  is  evident  from  the  large  number  of  varieties 
which  have  been  carefully  listed  by  the  Chinese  in  both  literature  and 
commerce.  A  study  of  these  varieties  reveals  a  marked  range  in  earli- 
ness,  hardiness,  productivity,  color,  size  of  fruit  and  seed;  and  in 

1  ROXBURGH,    WILLIAM,    in    Flora   Indica    or    Descriptions  of  Indian 
Plants,  Vol.  II,  page  269. 

•  Transactions  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  ?d  Edition,  Vol.  II, 
pages  402  and  403". 

3  TRINIDAD,   BOTANICAL  DEPARTMENT,    Bulletin  of  Miscellaneous  In- 
formation (Quarterly),  January  1907,  No.  53,  page  177. 

4  CORSA,    W.  P. ,   Nut  culture  in  the  United  States,  embracing  native  and 
introduced    species,     U.    S.     Department      of      Aijri-  ultur-1.       Division     of 
Pomology,   pujfe  105. 


INTRODUCTION 


the  general  character  such  as  flavor,  fragrance,  juiciness  and  amount 
of  rag.  In  the  general  classification  of  the  varieties  of  the  lychee  one 
of  the  most  interesting,  and  possibly  significant  groups  is  that  which 
the  Chinese  call  the  "water  lychee"  or  "shuichih"  (rK^t^  and 
"mountain  lychee"'  or  "shan  chih"  dli:£0  classification. 


The  lychee  and  the  lungan  are  not  without  their  natural 
enemies.  Very  little  is  done  in  China  to  control  these  enemies.  A 
scientific  study  with  regard  to  them  is  imperative  in  order  both  to 
advance  the  industry  in  China  and  to  prevent  these  enemies  from 
gaining  a  foothold  in  other  countries  in  which  these  fruits  can  possibly 
be  grown.  The  most  common  insect  attacking  the  lychee  is  a  rela- 
tive of  the  well  known  "stink  bug"  —  a  highly  decorated  species  of 
the  family  Pentalomidac.  The  second  most  conspicuous  enemy  is 
a  mite,  apparently  an  undescribed  species  of  Eriophyes  which  cause 
velvety  galls  on  the  leaves  of  the  trees.  Several  species  of-Scarabeidae 
are  especially  troublesome  to  upland  growers.  A  tree  borer  is  also 
common  and  the  Chinese  fight  it  most  ingeniously  by  the  use  of  fire 
crackers.  Minor,  superficial  fungi  can  be  found  on  the  leaves  of  the 
trees  but  the  thick,  tough,  glossy  nature  of  the  leaves  makes  their 
susceptibility  to  fungi  very  slight  indeed.  But  parasitic  algae  are  very 
common  on  both  trunk  and  leaf. 

One  of  the  most  fascinating  horticultural  studies  in  China  is 
that  of  propagation.  A  Chinese  plant  propagator  will  never  make  an 
attempt  to  give  a  scientific  explanation  of  his  interesting  practices; 
rather  is  lie  content  to  throw  about  his  art  an  air  of  mysticism.  But 
one  always  leaves  the  haunt  of  the  Chinese  gardener  or  nurseryman 
with  the  inward  feeling  that  the  latter  has  his  art  at  the  right  place  — 
his  fingers'  tips  :  and  that  one  is  leaving  with  many  whys  and  where- 
fores still  unexplained.  That  the  western  world  has  much  to  teach 
China  in  the  modern  organization  and  systematic  application  of 
scientific  nursery  practice  is  evident  on  all  hands.  But  it  is  folly  for 
the  West  to  feel  that  there  is  nothing  to  be  learned  from  Chinese 
patience,  perseverance  and  skill  in  the  utilization  of  nature's  best  for 
the  use  of  man.  In  this,  as  in  many  other  fields,  the  great  opportunity 
open  to  the  modemly  trained  student  in  China  is  to  bridge  the  im- 
mense chasm  that  often  exists  between  the  practices  evolved  from 
organized  knowledge  and  those  that  are  the  result  of  centuries  of 
experience  and  intuitive  perception. 

Most  of  the  lychee  trees  grown  in  the  vicinity  of  Canton 
have  been  propagated  by  the  very  common  method  known  as 


TllK  I.Y.CHKK  AND  U'NCJAN 


pok  chih"  (ntttfc).  1  his  is  a  process  of  layering  which  the  mod- 
ern horticulturist  can  rightly  term  "Chinese  air-layering."  It  is 
practically  the  same  as  "  Gootee"  layering  of  India.  All  Cantonese 
gardeners  are  excellent  manipulators  of  this  method  and  a  great  major- 
ity of  the  trees  and  shrubs,  including  citrus  fruits,  of  South  China  are 
thus  propagated.  After  the  trees  have  been  rooted  by  this  process 
they  are  set  out  in  nursery  beds  or  planted  into  pots.  When  they  are 
raised  for  permanent  planting  a  ball  of  earth  at  least  a  foot  in  diame- 
ter, held  in  place  by  means  of  rice  straw,  remains  attached  to  the 
roots.  The  nursery  business  as  seen  for  example  at  the  village  of 
Fang  Yung  (li,r$),  near  Canton,  has  become  quite  an  industry  and 
during  the  planting  season  one  often  sees  boat  loads  of  lychee  nursery 
stock. 

Lychee  are  rarely  grown  from  seed;  lungan  more  often.  The 
Chinese  consider  that  in  a  region  where  temperature  and  humidity  so 
greatly  facilitate  layering  there  is  little  reason  to  depend  upon  seed- 
lings. Then,  too,  seeds  of  the  lychee  are  very  short  lived  and  cannot 
be  kept  viable  for  more  than  four  or  five  days,  except  under  very  moist 
conditions.  In  the  propagation  of  the  trees  in  other  lands,  however, 
the  seedling  method  may  be  advantageous,  especially  until  a  large 
number  of  trees  are  at  hand.  J.  E  Higgins  L  in  his  bulletin  cites  some 
interesting  experiments- with  regard  to  the  use  of  seeds  in  propagation. 

In  the  greenhouses  at  Washington  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  clearly  demonstrated  that  lychee  can  be 
successfully  grown  from  cuttings.  Inarching  is  widely  practiced  by 
the  Chinese  and  in  the  propagation  of  some  of  the  best  varieties  of 
the  lychee  and  lungan  they  often  resort  to  this  method.  The 
small  seeded  "No  Mi  Chin"  (***)  lychee  is  often  thus  pro- 
pagated. One  often  sees  high  headed  tops  of  this  variety  growing 
on  trunks  of  the  hardy,  mountain  or  "shan  chih"  (Uiifc)  type. 
Chinese  recognize  the  art  of  grafting  but  I  have  not  seen  them 
practice  budding.  But  cleft  grafting,  known  as  "tsieh  chih"  (•$£$) 
is  quite  widely  practiced  on  both  the  lychee  and  lungan.  In  the 
famous  fruit  region  of  "Lo  Kang  Tung  "  ^fUSTO),  twenty  to  thirty 
miles  northeast  of  Canton,  one  sees  some  very  successful  specimens 
of  cultivated  lychee  which  have  been  cleft  grafted  upon  the  hill  type. 
Jn  fact  this  practice  is  doubtless  the  foundation  upon  which  the  large 
commercial  lychee  industry  of  Lokang  ($11$)  has  been  founded. 

1  HIGGINS,  J.  E  ,  The.  LitcJii  in  Ha-vaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 

Station,   Bulletin  No.  44,  pnges  7  and  S. 


INTRODUCTION  1  I 


The  botany  of  the  lychee  and  lungan  reveals  the  fact  that  we 
can  look  with  promise  to  regions  remote  from  those  of  native  habitat 
for  stocks  upon  which  to  work  these  interesting  fruits.  In  particular 
the  wild  lychee  of  the  Philippines,  Litchi  philippincnsis  Radlk. , 
offers  great  promise  of  being  found  useful  as  a  stock,  since  it  is  the 
species  most  closely  related  to  the  cultivated  lychee  and  since  it  has 
peculiarities  of  advantage  as  a  stock.  The  lungan  also  has  an  allied 
Philippine  species,  Euphoria  cincrca  Radlk.,  which  might  be  useful 
in  lungan  culture.  J.  E.  Higgins1  has  clearly  shown  that  "there  is 
no  difficulty  in  securing  a  union  of  the  litchi  with  the  lungan.' 
Chinese  also  report  that  there  are  lychee  trees  growing  upon  the 
lungan  roots  but  its  practicability  is  very  questionable  as  specimens  are 
rare.  Jt  is  apparent  that  there  is  an  open  field  for  a  series  of  interest- 
ing and  helpful  experiments  in  the  propagation  and  hybridization  of 
these  attractive  fruits.  Such  experiments  should  prove  of  great  value 
to  China  and  to  other  countries  attempting  to  introduce  the  lychee 
and  lungan  under  conditions  not  so  favorable  as  in  their  native  habitat. 
Drought  and  frost  resistance  are  two  factors  to  be  kept  definitely  in 
mind  in  this  work;  and  soil  variations  should  be  carefully  studied. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  South  China  region,  the  home  of  the 
lychee  and  the  lungan,  should  take  great  pride  in  these  two  native 
fruits.  Of  the  six  provinces  which  geographically  comprise  South 
China,  only  two,  Kvvangtung  (jg  )f{)  and  Fukien  (jjjjj  $|),  grow  the 
fruits  extensively.  Szechwan  (£3  JlJ )  to  the  northwest,  and  not  in- 
cluded among  the  provinces  of  this  region,  produces  some  lychee 
and  lungan.  These  fruits  are  known  to  grow  as  far  south  as  Siam. 
But  Kvvangtung  and  Fukien  are  the  two  great  lychee-lungan  provinces 
and  their  history  interestingly  discloses  that  for  centuries  they  have 
striven  with  one  another  for  supremacy  in  culture  and  export  trade. 
The  Ling  Nan  ($&  j?f )  and  Hsing  Hwa  (*&  ft)  regions  of  Kvvang- 
tung and  Fukien  respectively,  are  the  centers  of  the  lychee  and 
lungan  industry  of  China.  Fukien  can  rightly  claim  priority  in  the 
literature  of  the  lychee  through  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  treatise,2  now  eight 
hundred  and  sixty  years  old.  In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century  Wu  Ying  K'uei  (^JKSil)  matched  this  work  by  the  publication 
of  his  treatise  2  on  the  most  famous  product  of  the  Canton  region, 
the  Ling  Nan  lichee. 

1  HlGGlKS,  j.  E.,  T&€  Lit chiin  Hawaii^  Hawaii,  Agricultural  Expcrimmt 
Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  page  1 1 . 

2  Sff  footnotes  I  .uul  2,  p;i^e  7. 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG  AN 


Ling  Nran  vH$|)  is  a  range  of  mountains,  a  region  and  a 
college.  The  college,  known  in  Cantonese  as  Ling  Naam  Tai  Hok 
'  !8l8i>c4&)  and  in  English  as  the  Canton  Christian  College,  has  ap- 
propriately centered  attention  upon  the  lychee.  It  is  the  aim  and 
hope  of  this  institutiou  to  establish  more  firmly  the  lychee  in  Kwang- 
tung  by  means  of  a  practical  effort.  This  great  fruit  industry  should 
be  modernly  organized  and  developed  to  its  maximum  in  order  to 
increase  home  consumption  and  export  trade.  When  railroads,  con- 
necting North  and  South,  are  completed  there  will  be  an  increased 
demand  on  northern  markets  for  this  famous  product  of  the  south; 
while  foreign  markets  for  the  dried  and  canned  products  are  still 
undeveloped.  It  is  fitting  that  one  of  the  great  tasks  of  the  Canton 
Christian  College  shall  be  to  standardize  and  improve  the  lychee  and 
to  develop  its  markets.  The  lychee  certainly  deserves  to  be  classed 
with  the  very  best  fruits  of  the  world  and  is  worthy  of  the  name 
"  Line  Nan" 


CHAPTER   II 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAMES  LYCHEE  (^£)  AND  LUXGAN 

AND 
ENGLISH    SPELLING  AND  PRONUNCIATION 

Wu  Ying  K'uei  (^  JJg,  SH)1  in  the  introduction  of  his  special 
treatise  on  the  lychee  gives  a  full  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the 
name  lychee  and  supports  his  claims  by  reference  to  previous  works. 
He  writes  that  the  lychee  (]%,  3t)  has  secured  its  name  from  the  fact 
that  the  fru't  clings  so  tenaciously  to  the  twigs,  thus  necessitating  the 
use  of  knives  in  separating  the  fruit  from  the  branches.  In  the  time 
of  the  Han  Dynasty  (?i  $8),  B.C.  140-86,  the  characters  represent- 
ing the  fruit  were  written  ££  3£.  The  first  character  gg,  pronounced 
like  the  English  word  lay  means  "to  separate"  or  "to  leave." 
The  second  character  3t,  pronounced  like  dice  in  the  English  word 
cheese,  means  "branch."  The  wood  of  the  lychee  is  very 
hard  and  the  fruit,  even  when  ripe,  clings  firmly  to  the  twigs.  These 
early  characters,  J$  3C,  were  thus  an  attempt  to  convey  the  idea  that 
in  gathering  the  fruit  the  twigs  must  be  separated  from  the  branches 
and  the  fruit  then  separated  from  the  twigs.  However,  as  knives 
were  used  in  the  operation  of  gathering  the  fruit  the  first  character 
8!  later  came  to  be  written  ^  and  to  be  pronounced  "  li  "  the  "i" 
long  as  in  the  English  word  ice.  The  second  character  3c  re- 
mained the  same  though  now  it  is  often  written  $£  with  the  additional 
radical  fa  meaning  "wood"  or  "tree",  on  the  left  which  gives  the 
word,  also  pronounced  chee",  a  more  restricted  meaning,  "the 
branch  of  a  tree."  But  Wu  Ying  K'uei  (^  |&  $i)  points  out  that 
^  must  not  be  accepted  as  the  standard  form  for  writing  the  second 
half  of  the  word  lychee  ('£  3t),  as  practically  all  Chinese  authorities 
on  this  fruit  use  the  single-radical  word  ^t. 

A  more  thorough  study  of  the  Chinese  character  £jj  should 
prove  of  interest.  Examination  reveals  that  it  is  made  up  of  two  of 
the  214  idiographs  or  radicals  of  which  the  Chinese  written  language 


1  WU  YING  K'UR]  (&p$)  Ling  Nan  Li  Chih  P'u  (|£j$j$£t$)   in 
Ling  Nan  I  Shu  ( ££iffsft& ) ,  book  59  (^JE'HLTlC),  section  1  ($$—•%),  page 

13 


14  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


consists,  namely:  ^  which  in  the  contracted  form  is  written  )\-  and 
means  "grass"  or  "plant"  and  7J  which  means  "  knife."  We 
then  have  at  the  top  of  the  character  ^  a  "plant  "  and  at  the  bottom 
"three  knives."  Wu  Ying  K'uei  points  out  that  these  three  knives, 
written  $,,  represents  "to  cut."  The  sound  of  this  character^, 
pronounced  "li",  is  doubtless  a  corruption  of  the  sound  lay", 
associated  with  the  character  gf|,  which  was  used  to  represent  the 
fruit  before  the  idea  was  originated  to  give  it  the  present  "knife 
and  plant"  character^.  It  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  Wu  Ying 
K'uei  cautions  all  writers  of  Chinese  to  write  the  word  li"  |£  and 
not  |£  as  so  many  do.  The  character  $  is  pronounced  "hip  "  and 
means  "to  cooperate"  and  is  foreign  to  the  original  idea  of  using 
the  three  knife  character  5w,  "to  cut.  " 


Wu  Ying  K'uei'  s  (^Hyit)  claim  for  writing  the  word  lychee 
is  doubtless  well  established  in  so  far  as  its  derivation  is  con- 
cerned. But  modern  usage  reveals  that  the  word  in  Chinese  may 
be  correctly  written  £££,  ||£,  ^&,  or  |£t£.  Just  as  to-day  in  English 
"through  "  and  "thru  "  are  both  good  forms  with  considerable  pre- 
ference for  thru  especially  in  hand  writing,  so  in  Chinese  both  J£ 
and  |£  are  considered  good  forms  with  decided  preference  for  |£  in 
handwriting  because  of  the  care  required  not  to  cross  the  strokes  in 
making  the  knife  radical  )}.  In  fact  in  hand  writing  most  Chinese 
writers  will  unconsciously  .write  -ft. 


The  word  lychee  g*,^  is  thus  a  combination  of  idiographs 
which  are  used  in  the  derivation  of  the  characters  %,  and  ^  and  in 
the  pronunciation  of  their  sounds.  These  characters  were  meant 
to  convey  the  idea  that  the  fruit  of  the  lychee  must  be  taken  from  the 
tree  by  means  of  knives  and  with  twigs  attached. 

There  is  as  much  difficulty  in  arriving  at  the  correct  form  for 
representing  the  characters  (|£^t)  in  English  as  there  is  in  deciding 
upon  the  correct  characters  in  Chinese.  In  representing  the  Can- 
tonese sounds  of  the  characters  in  English  lychcc  is  the  most 
satisfactory  form.  The  fruit  is  a  South  China  fruit  and  should  be 
called  by  the  name  given  it  by  Cantonese  because  they  not  only  grow 
the  fruit  but  sell  it  all  over  the  world.  The  name  of  the  fruit  as 
pronounced  in  western  countries  always  approximates  the  Cantonese 
sound.  In  China  the  name  is  pronounced  in  many  ways  according 
to  the  local  dialect  of  the  place.  For  example  in  Fukien  Icli  is  one 
of  the  local  names  under  which  it  is  known.  It  is  true  that  the  most 
universal  dialect  of  China  is  Mandarin,  which  is  the  official  language 


OKKJIN  OF  THE  NAMES  LYCHEE   <J£i)  ANi>  (j»    KI"N(JAN     15 


of  the  country.  The  Giles  dictionary  gives  the  Mandarin  spelling  as 
fichih  which  would  be  unintelligible  to  the  average  Chinese  dealing 
in  "  Chinese  nuts  "  abroad;  and  to  the  farmer  of  South  China. 

Granted  that  the  sounds  to  be  used  in  making  the  name  ;m 
English  word  should  be  the  Cantonese  ones,  it  is  clear  that  the 
spelling  should  be  that  of  lyckee,  for  the  simple  reason  that  this 
invariably  suggests  the  exact  sounds  of  l\j  as  in  lying  and  <:hf<  as  in 
cheese.  Unfortunately  various  factors  have  operated  to  initiate  other 
spellings.  The  Cantonese  standard  romanization  according  to  Eitel 
is  faichi,  which  may  indicate  the  proper  sounds  to  a  westerner  living 
in  Kwangtung  but  to  the  average  reader  of  English  might  be  pro- 
nounced in  many  ways,  since  Idi  is  found  in  loid.  and  Idif.y;  and  clii 
is  found  in  child  and  machine.  If  we  follow  the  botanical  name, 
as  Mr.  Higgins1  urges  in  his  bulletin,  or  any  other  of  the  many 
approaches  to  the  Mandarin,  we  either  depart  from  the  South 
China  word  or  we  have  the  trouble  of  explaining  how  the  strange- 
looking  word  is  to  be  pronounced  in  English.  The  botanical  name 
litch-i  requires  the  silencing  of  the  "t"  and  then  the  pronunciation 
of  the  two  i's"  in  different  ways.  Other  writers  have  given  us 
Hci,  li-tchi,  la-izi,  litchc,  hachca,  lichi,  lychi,  leechee  andlich<-<. 
Only  the  last  can  rival  lychee.  And  the  objection  to  lichee  is  in  the 
fact  that  li  as  an  initial  syllable  has  varying  sounds  as  in  little,  lithe 
and  litre  ,  but  ly  as  an  initial  syllable  is  always  as  in  lying,  lyctiim 
and  I y rate.  The  word  lychcc  will  best  convey  the  correct  Cantonese 
sound  of  the  word. 


The  lungan  like  the  lychee  is  a  two-character  word 
meaning  "dragon-eye."  The  fruit  of  the  lungan  is  smaller  and 
more  rounded  than  that  of  the  lychee  and  is  said  to  resemble  in  ap- 
pearance the  eye  of  a  dragon,  from  whence  it  doubtless  gets  its  most 
common  name.  If  nlBJI  be  romanized  according  to  the  Cantonese 
pronunciation  the  words  should  be  written  lung-ngan;  but  as  an 
"  ng  "  sound  appears  at  the  end  of  the  first  word  and  also  at  the 
beginning  of  the  second,  and  as  this  sound  is  unusually  difficult  to 
pronounce,  the  word  "lungan  "  is  more  desirable.  Chinese  literary 
works  and  local  dialects  record  many  other  names  for  the  lungan. 
One  common  name  is  "uen  ngan  "  (IHJajL)  meaning  "round  eye." 
Other  names  are  'lychee  no"  (j$i3t>&),  meaning  servant  of  the 
lychee,  because  the  fruiting  season  immediately  follows  that  of  the 
lychee;  and  "a  lychee  "  ($£$;£),  the  "second  lychee.  " 


1  Higgins,  J.  E.,  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural 
Station,  Bulletin  Xo.  44,  pages  3  ;uui  4. 


CHAPTER  III 
CHINESE  LITERATURE  ON  THE  LYCHEE 

No  ancient  civilization  has  produced  so  many  valuable  works 
dealing  with  agriculture  and  kindred  subjects  as  the  Chinese.  These 
books  should  receive  greater  attention  in  the  modern  advance  of 
science.  The  lychee  has  long  been  a  favorite  with  artists  in  China 
and  no  fruit  has  inspired  more  enthusiastic  eulogies  by  the  poets  and 
none  other  has  been  made  the  subject  of  so  many  special  treatises. 
No  fewer  than  nine  special  monographs,  a  list  of  which  is  appended, 
have  been  written  on  this  fruit,  the  most  celebrated  being  that  of 
Ts'ai  Hsiang  (^H)  l  fig.  1.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the 
lychee  was  the  first  fruit  to  be  so  treated  by  Chinese  writers,  as  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  Ts'ai  Hsiang' s  monograph  was  the  model 
that  inspired  Han  Yen-chih  (?$j£jjiO  to  write  the  first  special  treatise 
on  the  orange  in  1179  A.D.,  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  later. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  there  is  so  little  reference  to  the  lychee 
in  the  earliest  Chinese  historical  documents,  as  it  is  distinctly  a 
southern  plant  and  even  at  the  time  when  Confu  cius  compiled  the 
classics  (about  B.C.  500)  the  Chinese  dominions  did  not  extend  far 
south  of  the  Yangtze  river. 

That  the  lychee  flourished  in  the  southern  part  of  China 
before  the  time  of  Christ  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  in  a  book  by  an 
unknown  author,  to  which  Pei  Wen  Chai  (flf^tSf)  2  refers,  it  is 
recorded  that  Wu  Ti  ($;#)  of  the  Han  Dynasty  (m®)>  B.C. 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  (^g),  Li  Chih  P'u 

The  author  has  had  access  to  three  copies  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang'  s  work: 
(1)  A  rubbing1,  the  gift  of  a  Chinese  friend,  indicating  that  the  work  at  some 
future  time  must  have  been  carved  on  stone  j  (2)  A  copy  on  silk  which  has 
been  in  the  possession  of  a.  Chinese  family  for  many  generations;  and  (3) 
The  copv  in  Ku  Chin  Tit  Shu  Chi  Cheng  (&Wfa$k1&\  Po  Wu  Hut  Pien 
Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  (£*»),  section  273  (JgHtf-trt-H*),  U  Chih 
P«  1  (IKMR)  pages  1-5  (fS- 


2  PEI    WEN    CHAI    («£&)     Kuang   Ch'un    Fan?    P'u 
section  60  (JfcftrHfe),   page  4 


16 


--^1     r-±%    V- 


PLATE  IV 


FIGURE  ic. — Reproduction  of  a  page  of  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  "Li  Chih  P'u"  in  the  Tsung 
Li  Yaman  Reprint  of  the  Chinese  Imperial  Encyclopedia. 

(Two-thirds  natural  size.) 


CHINESE  LITERATURE  ON  THE  LYCHEE  17 


140-86,  after  he  had  conquered  Nan  Yueh  ($f^)  l  and  subjected 
also  a  part  of  Annam,  built  the  palace  Fu  Li  (&!£&)  and  in  the 
garden  or  arboretum  appertaining  thereto  he  introduced  from  the 
south  a  hundred  or  more  lychee  trees,  not  one  of  which  grew.  This 
he  repeated  for  several  years  and  finally  succeeded  in  growing  one 
tree  which  seemed  to  flourish  for  a  time  but  never  fruited.  The 
Emperor  greatly  loved  this  tree  but  it  died  after  a  short  period  and 
"  several  tens"  of  .husbandmen  were  accused  of  having  neglected  it 
and  were  killed. 

There  has  been  an  attempt  in  Chinese  literature  to  trace  the 
lychee  as  far  back  as  B.C.  1766.  Wu  Ying  K'uei  (^BSJIf)  2  quotes 
from  a  work  Kuang  Yii  (jUlg)  that  I  Yin  (fp-jjfr)  of  the  time  of  the 
Emperor  Ch'eng  T'ang  (^t^),  B.C.  1766,  of  the  Shang  Dynasty 
($!$!)>  spoke  of  a  fruit  called  "feng  wan"  (JBL&)  which  some 
people  believed  to  be  the  lychee. 

The  great  wealth  of  Chinese  literature  concerning  the  lychee, 
records  of  which  appeared  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era  and 
continue  to  the  present  day,  is  a  fair  indication  of  the  importance  of 
this  fruit  to  the  life  of  the  Chinese  people.  Ts'ai  Hsiang  (HH)  J 
records,  as  translated  by  Mr.  Michael  J.  Hagerty,  "  All  seven  pre- 
fectures, such  as  Tung  ching  (^jift  —  Tonking  and  Chia-chih 
(^St)  —  Cochin-China,  sent  a  tribute  of  fresh  lychee  to  China.  In 
carrying  this  tribute  the  couriers  adopted  the  custom  of  relays, 
stopping  and  leaving  some  of  the  fresh  fruit  at  improvised  depots, 
some  of  which  were  ten  "li"  apart,  while  others  were  but  four 
"li"  distant  from  each  other.  These  couriers  galloped  quickly, 
day  and  night.  This  enforced  tribute  oppressed  these  people  like  a 
plague  of  poisonous  insects  and  wild  animals.  At  Lin-su  (Ksj&)  in 


1  Nan  Yueh  is  the  old  Kingdom  of  Cochin-China  which  in  A.D. 
222  was  divided  into  Chiao-Chou  or  Tonquin  and  what  is  now  the  area 
covered  by  Kwangtung  and  Kwangsi.  See  Bretschneider,  Bo  fan  '.con 
Sinicum.  —  Emil  Vasilievich,  Notes  on  Chinese  Botany  from  Native  and 
Western  Sources,  London,  1882,  page  23. 


2  WU  YING  K'UEI  (^ggil)  Ling  Nan  Li  Chih  />'«  ($&j£3££3f)  in 
Ling  Nan  I  Shu  (&j&ft&),  book  59  (3&£-bH#),  section  1  (^-^) 
page  1  ($-H). 


3  TS'AI  HSIANG  (gg.),  Li  Chih  Pu  ($£!£)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu 
Chi  Chen?  (llMMig£3ir£),  Po  Wu  Hui  Pien  (1TO£«|),  7V<w  Muh  Tien 
•  section  273  (^-^^-\'^^,  U  Chih  Pn  \  <£$«-.),  page  2 


18  THK  LVCHKK  AND  LUNGAN 


Hunan  province  a  man  named  T'ang  Ch'iang  (j|f^)  sent  a 
memorial,  protesting  against  the  amount  of  tribute,  and  Emperor  Ho 
Ti  (5fljif?),  A.D.  89  issued  a  proclamation  ordering  his  ''T'ai 
Kuan  "  (^:W)  or  Official  in  Charge  of  the  Collection  of  Tribute,  to 
diminish  the  amount."' 

As  pointed  out  in  the  Kit  Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi  Chcny  r£^IU 
^H^),1  "The  Chinese  Encyclopedia  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Times,  "  each  of  the  three  great  Chinese  literary  works  2  dealing  with 
plants  refers  to  the  lychee.  In  the  first  of  these,  "Features  of 
Plants  in  the  South,"  Chi  Han  ($?§•)  includes  the  lychee  among  the 
80  species  described  listing  it  as  a  fruit  tree.  In  this  work  he 
carefully  records  the  characteristics  of  the  tree  and  fruit  and  states  its 
yield,  all  of  which  agree  with  the  lychee  of  the  present  day. 

This  Compendium  of  Chinese  Literature  heivin  referred  to  was  drawn 
up  and  published  under  Imperial  authority  in  1726.  The  botanical  section 
of  this  gigantic  compilation,  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  (^T^Cjft;,  comprises  320  books. 
See  Bretschneider,  Botanicon  Sinicum,  pages  71,  72  and  note  24. 

2  a.   Nan  Fang  Ts'ao  Muh  C/iuang  ($$)j  '*$.%$&}. 

"This  is  the  earliest  Chinese  treatise  dealing  with  plants  and  bear 
a  purely  botanical  character.  The  author  was  Kl  Han,  a  Minister  of  State 
under  Hui  Ti  of  the  Tsin  Dynasty  (A.D.  290-307).  He  had  been 
previously  governor  of  Canton.  We  meet  in  it  interesting  accounts  of  some 
trees  and  other  plants  known  at  that  time  in  South  China,  some  of  them 
brought  from  distant  foreign  countries.  The  plants  are  treated  under  the 
four  classes  of  herbs,  forest  trees,  fruit  trees  and  bamboos,  including  in  all 
80  species."  See  Bretschneider,  Botanicon  Sinicum,  page  38. 


b.  Pen  Ts'ao  Kang  Mu 

"This  is  the  celebrated  Chinese  Materia  Medica  written  more  than 
300  years  ago   and   well   known    in    Europe  .......  It   represents   indeed   the 

most  important  native  work  on  Materia  Medica  and  Natural  History."     See 
Bretschneider,  Botttnicon  Sinwuni,  page  47. 


c.    Tu  King  Pen  Ti  ao 

This  is  an  illustrated  Materia  Medica  comprising  21  books.     It  was 
compiled   by   Su  Sung  of  Fukien  province  and  published  by  Imperial  Order. 

Sec  Bretschneider,  Botanicon  Sinicitw,  page  47. 


CIIINKSK  LITKKATUKK  ON  T1IK   LYCIIKK  19 


Chia  Ssu  Hsieh  CXMl)  of  the  time  of  the  Northern  \\Yi 
Dynasty  (4bftl'j  A..D.  386-532,  in  his  work  on  husbandry1  records 
that  there  are  many  interesting  varieties  of  this  fruit,  most  of  which 
ripen  in  the  fourth  month;  and  that  they  are  preserved  by  drying, 
when  the  Mesh  and  seed  do  not  appear  as  when  fresh. 


Tuan  Kung  Lu  (fci^?fr)  of  the  T  'any:  Dynasty  Ogffl),  A.  D. 
818-904,  in  his  Geographical  Account  of  tiouth<rn  Uhina2  records 
the  lycnee  as  a  strange  and  wonderful  fruit,  the  best  in  South  China. 
He  says  that  it  ripens  in  the  Beginning  of  summer  and  that  it  has 
white  and  transparent  flesh  with  sweet  juices;  and  that  it  is  as  large 
as  an  egg  and  some  varieties  are  without  see.ds.  These  are  only  a 
few  of  the  references  quoted  in  the  Chinese  Encyclopedia. 


Another  interesting  record  is  that  of  Su  Shih  ($$£),  high 
official,  poet  and  essay-writer  of  the  first  rank,  who  in  A.  D.  1094 
was  accused  of  having  spoken  disrespectfully  of  the  Emperor  and 
was  banished  first  to  Waichow  (ifeW)  in  Kwangtung  (jjlifc)  and 
afterwards  to  the  Island  of  Hainan  ($£[$)»  regions  which  in  those 
days  were  utterly  barbarous  and  unknown.  These  same  regions  afe 
to-day  famous  lychee  centers  and  Su  Shih  ($$£)  has  left  us  no  less 
than  eight  poems  ?  on  this  wonderful  fruit,  one  of  which  was  com- 
posed at  the  foot  of  Lo  Fou  mountain  <  .  H7?flj)  and  has  been  translated 
as  follows: 

"Beneath   these  green  mountains  where  spring  rules  the 
year 

The  arbutus  and  loquat  in  season  appear; 
And  feasting  on  lychee  —  three  hundred  a  day  —  • 
I  shouldn't  mind  staying  eternally  here.  "  4 


'JYi  Mm  Yao  S/ine 

Bretschneider  translates  the  title  of  this  work:  Important  Rules 
for  the  People  to  gain  their  Living  in  Peace.  The  original  work  was  in  92 
sections  but  a  part  of  it  was  lo.st  a  long  time  ago.  The  edition  now  current 
is  in  ten  books.  See  Bretschneider  Botttnicon  Sinicnw,  pages  77  and  79. 

2  Pei   hu  hi  Uh/*lfc)    by  Tuan    Kung   Lu  of  the  T'ang  Dynasty.     See 
Bretschneider,  Botanicon  Sinifum,  page  1  78. 

;  Ku  Chin  Tit  Shu  Chi  Cheng  (•|5'^B1&£|J&),  Po  IVu  Hui  Pien  (Jf4&|£!S), 
Ts"ao    Muh    Tien   (J^.^cft),  section    276   \&Z&%1r&&\    Li    Chin  Pu    2 
5-fi 


Traiislation  1>\   Mrs.  Rose  S.   \V 


20  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG  AN 


Of  the  various  Chinese  treatises  on  the  lychee,  that  of  Ts'ai 
Hsiang,  l  A.  D.  1059,  already  quoted,  is  the  earliest  and  most 
famous.  His  work  is  divided  into  seven  distinct  chapters  all  of  which 
have  been  translated  by  Mr.  Michael  J.  Hagerty,  of  the  Office  of 
Crop  Physiology  and  Breeding  Investigations  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  In  the  first  of  these  chapters  he  treats 
of  the  extent  of  territory  over  which  the  lychee  is  grown  and  pro- 
claims his  zeal  to  place  this  fruit  in  the  position  it  deserves  among 
the  fruits  of  the  world.  He  had  artists  draw  pictures  of  the  best 
varieties  he  had  seen  and  these  he  classified.  In  the  second  chapter 
he  deals  with  the  lychee  in  his  native  province,  Fukien,  and  he 
names  one  variety,  the  "Chen  family  purple  lychee  "  of  which  he 
says  that  though  there  are  a  thousand  varieties  and  ten  thousand  trees, 
no  other  one  can  compare  with  this.  He  says  of  it,  "When  the 
Chen  family  are  about  to  harvest  their  crop  of  lychee,  they  close  all 
their  gates  or  doors  and  people  desiring  to  purchase  the  fruit  must 
hand  in  their  money  through  an  aperture  in  the  wall,  receiving  in 
return  its  .equivalent  in  lychee  fruit.  For  that  which  the  purchaser 
was  able  to  obtain  he  was  thankful  and  considered  himself  lucky, 
never  daring  to  argue  whether  the  price  was  too  much  or  too  little.  " 
He  then  deals  with  the  production  and  export  of  the  lychee  a,nd  in 
the  fourth  chapter  he  considers  its  medicinal  properties  and  speaks  of 
the  age  of  the  tree  and  the  excellent  character  of  the  wood.  He 
does  not  fail  to  discuss  the  important  fact  of  inability  of  the  lychee  to 
withstand  cold  and  to  speak  of  its  chief  enemies.  In  the  sixth  chapter 
he  deals  with  a  few  of  the  many  interesting  methods  of  preserving 
the  fruit  which  the  Chinese  used  in  those  days  and  he  tells  of  the 
custom  of  sending  the  best  fruit  as  tribute  to  the  Emperor.  In  the 
last  chapter  he  gives  a  comprehensive  list  of  the  varieties  produced 
and  discusses  them  in  some  detail. 

Sung  Chia  ($fes)  2  of  the  Ming  Dynasty  (9HM),  A.D. 
1368-1627,  also  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  lychee  in  which  he  quotes 
Ts'ai  Hsiang  (US-)  and  interestingly  proclaims  his  desire  to  organize 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  (Hg),    Li   Chih   P'u    (&$fS)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu 
Chi   Cheng  (#^Iil^|i$),    Po   Wu  Hut  Pien  (|f  4&X&P,   Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
,  section  273  (»-tf-fc-f-3fc),  Li  Chih  Pu  1  (2fc£8R-),  pages  1-5 


2  SUNG  CHIA  (5feH),  Li  Chih  P'u  (&3lt9)  in  Ku  Chin   Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng    («<*•*&£),    PO    Wu    Hut   Pien    (ffttgJR),     Ts'ao    Muh    Tien 
,   section   273    (JR-lMrt-S*),    Li    Chih  Pu    1  (#$«-),  pages 


CHINESE  LITERATURE  OX  THE  LYCIIEE  21 


a  Lychee  Society,  the  purpose  of  which  should  be  to  consume  the 
delicious  fruit  and  to  write  poems  about  it.  He  names  twenty-two 
varieties  growing  in  Kwangtung  as  recorded  by  Cheng  Hsiung  (jj|$j|  j  . 


One  of  the  most  recent  treatise  on  the  lychee,  and  which 
does  not  appear  in  the  Chinese  Encyclopedia,  is  that  of  \Vu  Ying 
K'uei  (ftlKj^j  l  published  in  1826.  This  treatise  deals  with  the 
lychee  in  the  Ling  Nan  ($at$f)  region  of  Kwangtung  (jgtjfc)  and  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Hoh  Hung  Ping  (fnjftft^1)  °f  tnc 
Canton  Christian  College.  % 


The  Chih  Wu  Ming  Shih  T'u  K'ao  (tittf^Wlfi^  2,  an 
illustrated  Chinese  botany  published  in  1848,  reprints  a  number  of  the 
well-known  lychee  monographs  and  in  connection  with  the  illustration 
of  the  lychee  Wu  CrTi  Hsun  (;&;£-?$),  the  author,  writes  an  interest- 
ing essay.  In  this  essay  it  is  recorded  that  Yii  Lo  Nung  (f^H)  of 
Fukien  province  had  among  his  pupils  one  who  later  became  an 
official  in  Yuan  Kiang  (jtft)  in  Yunnan  (itj$).  Yu  Lo  Nung 
(^?|g:f|/  later  visited  his  friend  in  Yunnan  and  found  recorded  in  the 
annals  of  Yuan  Kiang  (jtiE)  that  the  lychee  had  been  produced 
there.  Upon  inquiry  why  this  section  did  not  still  produce  lychee  he 
learned  that  it  was  because  of  the  difficulties  of  communication  and 
the  labor  and  trouble  involved  in  sending  lychee  tribute  to  the 
Emperor.  Because  of  the  hardships  imposed  upon  them  the  people 
had  decided  to  cut  down  all  the  lychee  trees.  Yu  Lo  Nung  (iflgJl) 
again  pointed  out  that  Yuan  Kiang  (jctE)  was  well  adapted  for 
lychee  culture  and  he  strongly  urged  the  official  to  introduce  them 
from  Nan  Hai  ($i$0  in  Kwangtung  province.  The  final  answer  of 
his  friend  was  that  Yuan  Kiang  (TG&)  was  hot  and  damp  and  that 
the  lychee  introduction  was  not  worth  the  effort  as  he  would  not  be 
there  for  more  than  three  years.  He  said  that,  moreover,  as  this 
was  the  only  place  in  Yunnan  that  could  possibly  produce  the  lychee, 
its  production  would  cause  the  people  much  hardship  because  of  the 
custom  of  tribute.  He  remarked,  "For  one  taste  of  sweetness  by 
the  officials,  the  people  are  caused  much  trouble.  Ah!  How  sorry 
I  am!  ' 


1  WU  YING  K'UEI  (^m^)  Ling  Nan  Li  Chih  P'u  (2J|£|£$ig)  in 
Ling  Nan    I  Shu    Uftff£ft:&),    book    59   (^3£-Hl/£),    and  in   six  sections 


2  WU  CH'l  HSUN   (£:JC?&),  Chih  Wu  Ming  Shih  Tu  K'ao 

fruit   division    (%M\    section    31    (^H-T*—  %),    pages  10  and  11 


THE  LYCHEK  AND  I.I 'N (UN 


One  of  the  most  helpful  sources  of  information  in  the  study 
of  these  fruits  has  been  the  provincial,  prefectural  and  district 
gazetteers  or  annals.  Each  political  division  of  China  has  at  regular 
intervals  systematically  published  these  geographical  records  which 
contain  helpful  information  regarding  history,  production  and  matters 
of  interest  in  the  life  of  the  people.  By  means  of  these  records  it 
has  been  possible  to  determine  the  districts  in  which  the  lychee  and 
lungan  are  grown  and  to  secure  valuable  data  relative  to  culture  and 
varieties.  The  Chinese  works  consulted  include  these  and  mis- 
cellaneous works  together  with  the  nine  standard  works  on  the  lychee. 
A  list  of  these  is  appended  and  most  of  them  will  be  found  in  the 
Library  of  Congress  at  Washington.  These  works  are  constantly 
referred  to  throughout  the  text.  They  not  only  record  numerous 
legends  regarding  these  fruits  which  would  enrich  a  child's  book  of 
fairytales;  but  they  discuss  in  an  enlightening  manner  the  habitat, 
culture,  varieties  and  trade  of  these  important  fruits.  Many  of  the 
problems  involved  in  the  successful  culture  of  these  fruits  have  been 
discussed  by  Chinese  writers  and  their  records  should  prove  of  great 
value  in  the  development  of  the  industry  at  home  and  abroad. 


CHAPTER  IV 

KFROPEYN  ANl>  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 

ON  TIH-: 
LYCIIEE  AND  LUNG  AN 

•'  "•'•»  \-.' 

'1'he.  first  unquestionable  records  regarding;  China,  appearing 
in  the  West  in  the  twelfth  century,  were  in  Arabic.  In  these  there 
is  apparently  no  mention  of  the  lychee  and  lungan.  Gonzalez  de 
Mendoza's  work  in  Spanish,  published  in  Rome  in  1585,  translated 
into  English  by  R.  Parke  in  1588,  was  the  first  detailed  record 
regarding  China  published  in  any  European  language  after  the  dis- 
covery of  the  sea  route  to  China  in  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  As  translated  by  Parke,  Gonzalez  de  Mendoza  1  referred 
to  the  lychee  in  the  following  words:  "Also  they  haue  a  kinde  of 
plummes,  that  they  doo  call  lechias  (Dimocarpus  leechee),  that  are 
of  an  exceeding  gallant  tast,  and,  neuer  hurteth  any  body,  although 
they  shoulde  cate  a  great  number  of  them.  '' 


In     k'De    Christiana    Expedition"2,     published     in 

Lie  y  as  and  Lontjanas  are  mentioned  but  Alvaro  Semmedo  l  in  his 

work  published  in  Italian  in  1643,  and  "put  into  English  by  a  person 

of.  quality  "  in  1655,  describes  the  fruit  more  completely.      He  says, 

'  The  Southern  provinces  have  the  best  fruits  of  all  India;  particularly 

1  Gonzalez  de  Mendo/a,  Juan,  .The  History  of  the  Great  and  Mighty 
Kingdom  of  China  and  the  Situation  Thereof.  Translation  out  of  Spanish 
by  R.  Parke.  London,  Printed  for  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1588,  page  14.  • 

~  Trigault,  Nicolas,  De  Christiano  expeclitio  ne  apud  sinas  suscepta  ab 
societate  Jesu.  Ex  P.  Matthaei  Ricii  eiusdem  societatis  commentariis  Libri 
V.  Augusta  Vind.  Augusburg,  1615,  page  10. 

:  Semmedo,  Alvaro,  The  history  of  that  grent  and  renowned  monarchy 
of  China   ----  -----  Lately  written  in  Italian   by    P.    Alvarez   Semedo  ...... 

NTow  put  into  English  by   a   person   of  quality,  and  illustrated   with  several 
mapps  and  figures  ......  London,  Printed  by  E.    Tyler  for   T.    Crook. 

papi-  <. 

23 


24  THE  LYCHKK  AND  LITNGAN 


Cantone ;  for  they  have  Anans,    Manghas ;    and  above 

all,  there  are  some  fruits  proper  to  them  of  a  particular  excellency, 
such  as  in  Cantone  are  the  Licic,  (so  the  Portughess  call  them,  but 
the  Chineses,  Lid. )  These  on  the  outside  are  an  orange  colour, 
and  when  they  are  ripe  doe  very  much  beautify  the  trees  they  grow- 
on.  They  are  made  like  chastnuts,  in  the  forme  of  an  heart;  when 
the  shell  is  pilled  of,  which  is  only  contiguous  to  it,  the  fruit  remaines 
like  a  pearl  in  colour,  very  pleasing  to  the  sight,  but  more  to  the 
taste.  ' ' 

In  1655  Martinio 1  reported  the  lychee  and  lungan  from 
•Fukien  in  the  following  words  as  translated  by  Mrs.  Maude  Keller- 
man  Swingle:  "A  quantity  of  the  fruits  called  Lichi,  in  Portugese 
Maehaenses  Licliias,  is  also  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Province 
[Fukien]  and  especially  about  the  cities;  they  are  borne  on  large  tall 
trees  which  have  leaves  like  the  laurel  and  whose  top  branches 
produce  fruit  lik-i  bunches  of  grapes  but  with  fewer  fruits  and  longer 
peduncles;  the  fruit  is  the  shape  of  a  heart,  and  the  size  of  a  walnut, 
resembling  a  small  pine  cone,  having  a  scaly  but  not  thick  skin  for  it 
can  be  easily  broken  with  the  hand  alone;  inside  is  the  succulent 
white  flesh  with  a  suave  rose  odor  and  taste;  at  maturity  the  fruit 
becomes  purple  so  that  the  trees  themselves  look  purple  ornamented 
all  over  with  hearts,  a  beautiful  sight  to  delight  the  eyes;  the  seed  or 
stone  is  surrounded  by  flesh,  and  the  smaller  the  seed  the  better  and 
more  superior  the  fruit;  rightly  may  I  say  that  it  is  the  king  of  fruits; 
often  have  I  considered  how  it  delights  the  eye  and  one  never  wearies 
of  the  taste,  its  flesh  is  like  sweet  meats  made  of  congealed  (candied?) 
roses  as  the  people  call  it  and  I  have  often  seen  that  it  almosts  melts 
in  the  mouth. 

'There  is  also  another  fruit  which  is  round  and  has  a 
different  skin  from  the  above, — this  is  called  the  Lung  yen,  that  is 
dragon's  eye;  it  is  not  equal  to  the  above  in  size  but  is  a  little  smaller 
arid  rounded  almost  like  a  cherry.  The  skin  is  somewhat  harder 
than  that  of  the  "  Lichi  "  and  has  larger  scales.  Both  are  also  dried 
in  China  and  are  sent  from  this  province  (Fukien)  to  delight  the 
whole  empire,  but  the  dried  fruits  cannot  be  compared  to  the  fresh 
ones  as  almost  all  the  suave  juice  is  lost.  From  the  Lichi  "  also  a 
liquor  is  expressed,  which  the  Chinese  call  wine;  it  is  agreeable 
enough  but  not  often  found." 

1  Martinio,  Martino,  Atlas  Sinicus  sive  Magni  Sinarum  Imperil 
Geographica  descriptio,  auctore  R.  P.  Martino  Martinio  e  Societate  Jesu,  ex 
Sinanim  regno  in  Urbem  misso  Prooiratore Vienna.  1^5,  page  123. 


Kruorr.AX  AND  AMKKICAN  LITKUATI:UK  25 


In  1656  Michel  Hoym's  work  '  was  made  known  and  published 
later  in  Melchisedech  Thevenot's  Li  da  lions  de  divers  voayycs. 
Boym  devoted  a  paragraph  to  the  Li-ci  and  Luni-ycn  and  said  that 
the  trees  appear  only  in  the  southern  provinces  of  China;  that  the 
fruit  of  the  li-ci  somewhat  resembles  that  of  the  pine  and  that  the 
him  yen  has  a  very  thin  skin;  that  the  texture  is  somewhat  like  that 
of  the  grape  and  is  dried  in  large  quantities  by  the  Chinese.  He  re- 
ported how  the  Chinese  claim  that  when  the  fruit  is  wild  it  has  very 
large  seed,  scanty  flesh  and  sub-acid  taste,  but  if  it  is  transplanted  and 
cultivated  the  seeds  soon  decrease  in  size  and  the  flesh  becomes 
sweet  and  abundant.  He  likened  the  color  of  the  flesh  to  human 
nails  and  says  that  the  Chinese  sometimes  preserve  die  fruit  in  salt 
water  and  thus  are  able  to  maintain  its  freshness.  His  drawing  of  the 
tree  and  fruit,  carefully  labeled  with  Chinese  characters,  was  probably 
the  first  figure  of  the  tree  published  in  the  West.  Giacomo  Zanonii 
( 1615-1682)  2  also  pictured  the  lychee,  showing  limb,  leaves,  fruit 
and  flower.  His  work  not  published  until  1742.  Jt  describes  the 
lychee  as  a  tree  of  large,  thick,  oblong  leaves;  the  white  flowers  occur 

together; fruit  very  red   with  thin   skin  and  white   flesh.      He 

says  that  the  kernels  of  the  fruits  are  sometimes  used  with  flour  f6r 
making  bread  and  that  the  poorer  ones  are  made  into  powder  to 
produce  a  cooling  drink.  The  pre-Linnean  name  Lischion  Indiac 
oricntalis  was  given  by  Zanonii.  In  1662  Johannes  Jonstonus's 
work5  appeared  in  Latin.  His  observations  were  so  similar  to  those 
of  Boym  as  to  make  one  feel  that  the  latter  was  the  source  of  the 
information.  He  also  devoted  a  whole  plate  to  a  drawing  of  the  tree 
and  fruit  which  he,  too,  carefully  labeled  with  Chinese  characters. 

Dr.  Olfert  Dapper4  ,  Dutch  traveller  in  his  work  published  in 
Amsterdam  in  1670,  reports  that  in  Chungkingfu,  Szechwan,  the 
lychee  grows  everywhere  in  great  abundance;  and  that  in  south-west 

1  Boym,  Michel,  in  Thevenot,  Melchisedech,  Relations  i/e  i/i-rer* 
voaygfs.  Paris,  A.  Pralard,  1683,  page  2(1. 

-  Zanonii   Giacomo,    Jacobi  Zanonii  Rariorum  stirpium  hisloria  ex  parte 
olim  edita Bononiae,  ex  typographia  Laelii  a  Vulpe,  1742,  page  147. 

*  Jonstonus,    Johannes,    Dendrographias :     sive,     Historiae    naturalis    tie 

arboribus Francofurti    ad     Moenum,    sumptibus    haeredum     Matthaei 

Meriani,  1662,  page  475  and  Tab.  cxxxvi. 

4  Dapper,  Olfert,  Gedenkwaerdigbedryt  der  Nederlandsche  Oost-Indische 

maetschappye,  op  de  kuste  en  in  het  keizerrijk  van  Taising  of  Sina: 

Jacob  van  Mcurs,  Amsterdam,   1670,  pages  208  and  209. 


26  THE  LYCHF.E  AND  LUNG  AN 


Fukien,  especially  in  Hinghwafu,  it  grows  in  still  greater  abundance. 
He  states  that  the  fruit  grows  on  trees  with  a  leaf  much  like  that  of 
laurel;  that  the  fruits  form  in  bunches  on  the  twigs  at  the  tops  of  the 
branches,  much  like  the  grape,  but  on  longer  stems.  He  says  that 
the  fruit  has  exactly  the  shape  of  an  animal's  heart  and  so  pictures  it 
in  his  drawing;,  and  that  inside  the  fruit  is  a  juicy  flesh,  white 
in  color  and  with  the  fragrance  of  a  rose.  He  says  that  when 
the  tree  is  in  fruit  it  seems  to  be  decorated  with  purple  hearts  and  .is 
greatly  admired  by  onlookers.  He  concludes,  "  The  flesh  almost 
melts  like  sugar  in  the  mouth,  and  does  not  hurt  anybody.  Rightly 
may  this  fruit  be  called  'Queen  of  Fruits'." 

George  Joseph  Camell,  or  Kamel L ,  in  a  work  on  the  herbs  and 
shrubs  of  the  Island  of  Luzon  in  the  Philippines,  published  as 
an  appendix  to  John  Ray's  Historic!  plantarum,  reported  local 
Philippine  names  as  well  as  the  Spanish  and  Chinese  names  of  .what 
was  apparently  the  Philippine  "alapag",  Euphoria  vincrca  Radlk. 
He  says  that  this  species  grows  to  about  the  height  of  a  walnut  tree, 
with  alternate  leaves  much  resembling  the  laurel;  flowers  white  and 
odorous;  fruit  small,  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg  with  a  verrucose 
membranous  skin  at  first  green  but  turning  to  red,  and  dark  in  color 
when  dry.  He  describes  the  fruit  as  containing  a  small  mouthful  of 
diaphanous,  excellent,  sweetly  acid  flavor  in  which  there  is  an  oblong 
tereate  seed.  He  says  it  is  abundant  in  the  mountains  Batan, 
Paliopican  in  Zebu,  Bohol  and  Basilan. 

Peter  J.  B.  Du  Halde2  ,  a  Jesuit,  in  a  work  published  at  the 
Hague  in  1736,  mentions  among  other  fruits  the  Tse-tse  (doubtless 
the  Chinese  persimmon),  Li-tchiand  the  Lo-ng-yuen,  saying  that  they 
are  peculiar  to  China  where  they  are  highly  regarded  and  that  they 
grow  especially  in  the  province  of  Kwangtung.  He  says  that 
scarcely  any  fruit  can  be  compared  with  the  lychee,  especially  those 
varieties  with  small  seeds. 

1  Camello,    Georgio   Josepho,    Herbarum   aliarumque    stirpium   in  insula 
Lu2one  philippinarum  (Appendix  to  John  Ray's  Historia  plantaruni),     1704, 
pages  53  and  54. 

2  Du    Halde,    Jean     Baptiste,     Description     geographique,     historique 
chronologique,    politique,   et    physique    de    I'empire    de    la    Chine  et   de  la 
Tartarie    Chinoise,    Tome    Second,    A  La    Have,    Henri    Scheurleer,    1736, 
pages  170  and  17]. 


EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE 


Pehr  Osbeck1  ,  .Rector  of  Hasloef  and  \Vo\torp,  Member -of 
the  Academy  of  Stockholm  and  of  the  Society  of  Upsala,  in  his 
Voyage  to  China  and  1ln  Kasi'  India;,  interestingly  reported  -in 
1757  a  certain  thrilling  experience  in  his  search  for  plants  in  which 
be  says,  ''Near  this  place  was  a  garden,  but  neither  entreaties  nor 

money  could  procure  me  an  entrance We  went   to   the  house 

where  the  surveyor  of  it  lived.  Here  was  a  little  gilt  figure,  on  an 
altar,  which  was  one  of  the  lares  of  the  Chinese.  We  were  \vell 
received  in  his  room;  and  he  immediately  ordered  a  dish  of  tea 
without  sugar,  and  a  tobacoo-pipe  to  he  given  us  but  did  not  desire 
us  to  sit  down.  We  were  afterwards  presented  with  two  sorts  of 
fruit,  which  in  their  language  are  called  La-tyce  and " Lonyan." 
These  Osbeck  has  described  in  another  place  as  a  fruit  which  is 
eaten  with  tea,  tasting  almost  like  a  sort  of  our  plums  and  covered 
with  a  brownish,  thin  and  warty  skin,  in  appearance  something  like 
i^all  apples.  As  translated  in  English  he  says,  *'  Lang-an  is  less  than 
lat-yee;  they  have  a  smooth  skin,  and  sweet  pulp,  as  in  the  lat-yee." 

The  first  modern  botanical  name,  Litclii  Chintnsis,  was 
given  by  Pierre  Sonnerat2  ,  Commissioner  of  Marine  and  Naturalist 
under  royal  pension,  Correspondent  of  the  Royal  Household,  arid 
Member  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  Paris  and  Lyons,  in  his  publication 
of  1782.  Sonnerat  gives  a  careful  and  complete  description  of  the 
lychee  and  says.  *4  Its  fruit  is  very  agreeable  and  one  of  the  best  in 
the  country.  \YThen  it  is  ripe  it  is  of  a  russet  or  reddish  color.  The 
Chinese  dry  it  in  an  oven  to  keep  it  and  thus  prepared  it  becomes  an 
object  of  commerce.  The  Longan  of  China  should  be  included  in 
the  same  genus." 

Grosier's  *  very  comprehensive  General  Description  of 
China  translated  from  the  French  into  English  and  published  in 
1795,  contains  the  following  interesting  but  somewhat  questionable 

1  Osbeck,  Prter,  A  Voyage  to  China  and  the  East   Indies London, 

B.   White,   1771,  pages  308,  326  and  327. 

2  Sonnerat,  Pierre,  Voyage  aux  Indes    Orientales   et   a    la    Chine 2 

volumes  and    plates,    Paris,    L'auteur,   1,782,    Tome    second,    page   23(1    and 
plate  129. 

*  Grosier,  Jean  Buptiste  Gabriel  Aiexandre,  A  general  description  of 
China:  containing  the  topography  of  the  fifteen  provinces  which  comprise 
this  vast  empire;  that  of  Tartary,  the  isles,  and  other  tributary  countries. 
The-  second  edition,  transited  from  the  French  of  the  Abbe  Grosier. 

London.  (J.    (}.  and  1.   Robinson.   1795.  Vol.  1,  patrc  426  and  427. 


28  THK  LYCHEE   AN7])  LUNG AN 


statements  with  regard  to  the  lychee,  "  We  are  assured  that  this  fruit 
is  delicious;  but  it  is  dangerous  when  eat  to  excess;  for  it  is  so 

hot,    that  it  occasions  an  eruption  over  the  whole  body The 

li-tchi  which  are  carried  to  Peking  for  the  use  of  the  Emperor,  in- 
closed in  tin  vessels,'  filled  with  spirits  mixed  with  honey  and  other 
ingredients,  preserve  indeed  an  appearance  of  freshness,  but  they  lose 
much  of  their  favour.  That  this  Prince  might  taste  them  in  the 
highest  perfection,  the  trees  themselves  have  been  sometimes 
transported  to  the  capital  in  boxes;  and  they  have  been  so  well 
managed,  that,  when  they  arrived  there  the  fruit  was  near  its  maturity. 
The  other  kind  of  fruit  peculiar  to  the  southern  provinces  is  the 
long-yen  or  dragon's  eye;  it  is  of  a  round  figure,  has  a  yellowish 
skin,  and  its  pulp  is  white,  tart  and  juicy.  It  is  said  that  the  fruit  of 
this  tree  is  not  so  agreeable  to  the  taste  as  the  li-tchij  but  is,  however, 
more  wholesome,  and  may  be  eaten  with  great  safety.  "  Sir  George 
Leonard  Staunton  *  mentions  a  fruit,  the  see-chee  (probably  the 
persimmon)  with  that  of  the  Uc-clwc  in  the  account  of  his  journey 
to  Canton  in  1797  found  in  his  work  concerning  his  embassy  to 
China.  He  says,  "The  Chinese  want  some  European  fruits,  such 
as  gooseberries,  currants,  raspberries  and  olives;  but  abound  in  others 
such  as  the  sce-ckee,  and  the  lce-chect  which  are  not  produced  in 

Europe    The  lee-chee  is  not  much  bigger  that  a  large  cherry, 

with  a  skin  full  of  soft  prickles.  The  taste  of  the  pulp  is  tart;  and 
it  covers  a  kernel,  in  proportion,  large.  The  lee-chee  is  often  pre- 
served, and  in  that  state  has  somewhat  of  a  sweet  taste."  Jose 
Monteiro  de  Carvalho 2  in  his  Diccionarie  portuguez  1817, 
devoted  ten  lines  to  the  Lexia  and  says,  "  Leaves  compact  and  wide 

of  a  yellowish,    green   color The   fruit   is   somewhat   like   the 

shape  of  a  green  pear,  the  which  is  the  most  tasty  and  beautiful  that 
God  has  created  in  the  Universe. ' ' 

The  beginning  of  the  19th  century  witnessed  a  wider  interest 
in  Europe  in  the  culture  of  these  fruits.  The  Transacliont  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  of  London,*  ''  1818,  contains  a  report  on 
their  introduction  into  their  gardens  under  the  names  of  Dimocarpus 

1  Staunton,    Sir   George    Leonard,    An  authentic  account  of  an  embassy 
from  the  King  of  Great   Britain   to   the    Emperor  of   China.     London,    G. 
Nicol,  1797,  Vol.  2,  page  463. 

2  Monteiro    de    Carvalho,    Jose,     Diccionarie     portuguez    da?,     plantar, 
arbustos.     Lisboa,  1817,  Tomo  I,  page  316. 

3  Royal  Horticultural  society,  London,  Transactions  of  the  Horticultural 
Society  of  London    volume  TI,  2d  edition,  London,    1818,    pages  402  and  403. 


AM)   AMKK1C.YN    LITEKATU;  I. 


1^1  chi  and  DimOCQfpUS  L<n\\)nn.  This  is  followed  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  these  fruits,  with  a  record  of  the  fruiting  of  the  longan  in  a 
"stove1'  erected  by  John  Knight,  Esq.,  of  Lee  Castle  for  the  pur- 
pose of  growing  tropical  fruits.  This  report  contains  a  handsome 
drawing  of  a  bearing  twig  of  these  lonffons.  It  states  that  these 
fruits,  natives  of  the  southern  part  of  China,  have  been  transferred  to 
different  places  in  the  East  Indies.  Edwards' s  Botanical  Register1 
published  in  London  in  1835  deals  with  the  "Longan  Tree"  under 
the  name  of  Euphoria  Lonyan  and  states  that  the  lychee  and  lungan 
are  two  of  the  finest  fruits  that  the  Chinese  possess.  He  says, 
'They  have,  when  imported,  a  brown  shell,  which  in  the  former  is 
prickly,  in  the  latter  simply  warted,  and  contain  a  single  seed  sur- 
rounded by  a  succulent  aril,  having  much  the  taste  of  an  excellent 
raisin,  only  rather  more  vinous."  He  says  that  this  species  seldom 
flowers  in  England  and  has  produced  at  only  one  place;  namely  at 
Mr.  John  Knight's.  He  quotes  in  full  from  the  Transactions  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  in  London  and  supplements  the  drawing  therein 
contained  by  one  of  a  similar  twig  in  flower.  Robert  Fortune  :  , 
Botanical  Collector  to  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London  in  the 
second  edition,  1847,  of  his  Three  Years  Wanderings  in  the 
Xorthcrn  Provinces  of  China,  including  a  Visit  to  the  Tea,  tiilk, 
and  Cotton  Countries,  mentions  among  trees  growing  over  the  plains 
and  near  the  sides  of  the  river,  the  leechet  and  lonyan.  In  his 
chapter  on  "Native  Fruits,  "  he  says,  "  What  may  be  more  properly 
called  Chinese  fruits,  such  as  the  leechees,  longans  and  wangpees, 
are,  however,  excellent,  the  climate  suiting  them  admirably.  When 
I  was  here  [in  July],  the  leechee  trees  were  covered  with  their  fine 
red  fruits,  and  were  very  beautiful,  the  fruit  contrasted  so  well  with 
the  deep  clear  green  foliage " 

Alphonso  de  Candolle  '  in  his  Oriyin  of  Cultivated  Plants, 
second  edition,  1886,  deals  with  the  litchi,  longan  and  rambutan 
all  under  the  generic  name  of  Ncphelium.  He  says  that  it  does  not 

1  Edwards' s    Botanical     Register;     or    ornamental     flower-garden     and 
shnHibery,    New    Series,    Vol.     7.     London:     James    Ridgway     and     Sons, 
Piccadilly,  1835,  No.  1729. 

2  Fortune,  Robert,  Three  years  wanderings  in  the  northern  provinces  of 
China,  including  a  visit  to  the  tea,  silk,  and  cotton  countries  with  an  account 
of  the  agriculture  and  horticulture  of  the  Chinese,  new  plants,  etc.      Second 
Edition.     London:   John  Murray,  J847,  page  384. 

?  Candolle,  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre  Pyramus  de,  Origin  of  cultivated 
plant.*,  Second  edition,  London,  Kegan  Paul,  Trench  &  Co.,  1,  Paternoster 
Square.  ISHft,  jrigcs  314,  .'Ho  and  ttlfi. 


30  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


seem  that  any  botanist  has  found  the  lychee  in  a  truly  wild  state 
probably  because  the  southern  part  of  China  towards  Siam  has  been 
little  visited.  George  Watt l  in  his  Dictionary  of  economic  products 
of  India,  1891,  also  considers  these  fruits  under  Nephelium.  He 
speaks  of  its  success  in  India,  especially  Bengal  and  he  quotes  Dr. 
Bonavia's  enthusiastic  remarks  in  the  Pionar. 

All  the  literature  on  the  lichee  in  the  United  States  is  very 
recent.  One  of  the  first  references  is  in  an  article  by  Prof. 
C.  C.  Georgeson l  in  whicles  he  notes  that  the  lychee  has  been 
introduced  into  the  extreme  south  of  Japan,  but  that  it  does  not 
readily  adapt  itself  to  climates  differing  much  to  that  peculiar  to  its 
native  habitat,  southern  China  and  the  Malay  Archipelago.  A  full 
size  illustration  of  the  leaf  and  fruit  is  given  under  the  name 
Nephelium  or  Lit.ch.i-Nut.  "Nut  Culture  in  the  United  States,  " 
a  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  publication  by  W.  P. 
Corsa  3  includes  the  lychee  fruit  as  an  introduced  species  under  the 
name  Leechee  (Nephelium  litchi  Cambess)  as  it  also  does  the 
Rambutan  (Nephelium  lappaceum).  It  speaks  of  the  lychee  as  a 
product  generally  on  sale  at  Chinese  shops  in  different  cities  and  often 
called  Chinese  nut.  An  interesting  and  important  account  of  its 
frost  resisting  qualities  is  given  and  the  statement  made  that  specimens 
of  this  fruit,  grown  in  Florida,  were  on  exhibit  at  the  Rose  and 
Strawberry  Show  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  June  26, 
1883. 

The  Pharmaceutical  Review 4  of  1897  mentions  under  Sap- 
indaceae  three  of  the  important  fruits  of  this  family.  It  records 
under  "Longan"  that  the  fruits  are  cultivated  in  Cuba  from  China 
and  that  they  have  a  winy  taste  and  are  refrigerant;  that  "  Rambustan  " 

1  Watt,  George,    A  dictionary  of  economic  products  of  India,  Calcutta, 
printed  by  the  Superintendent  of  Government  printing,  1889-1893,  6  volumes. 
Vol.  5,  pages  346  and  347. 

2  Georgeson,    C.  C.,    The  economic  plants  of  Japan  in   the  j^piERTCAN 
GARDEN,  an  illustrated  journal  of  horticulture,  Vol.  12,  No.  3,  March,  1891, 
pages  269  and  270. 

*  Corsa,  W.  P.,  Nut  culture  in  the  United  States,  embracing  native  and 
introduced  species.  Washington,  Government  printing  office,  1896,  page 
105. 

4  Pharmaceutical  Review,  formerly  Pharmactutische  Rundschau. 
Pharmacexitical  Review  Publishing  Company,  Milwaukee,  1897,  Vol.  15, 
pages  89  and  90. 


EUROPEAN  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE  31 


are  pulpy,  sweet  and  edible,  seeds  narcotic,  bitter;  and  that  the  fruit 
of  "  Litchi  ' '  is  sweet,  rather  acid,  refrigerant  and  pectoral  and  used 
to  make  refreshing  adjuvenant  drinks  in  treating  slow  fevers. 

I  .  \V.  Popenoe }  ,  in  the  1917  Edition  of  L.  H.  Bailey's 
Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture,  outlines  the  culture  of  the 
lychee,  under  "  Litchi."  He  deals  with  the  rambutan,  pulassan  and 
lonyan  under  Nep helium.  At  the  time  this  work  goes  to  press  the 
Macmillan  Company  has  in  preparation  a  work  by  Wilson  Popenoe 
on  Tropical  and  Sub-Tropical  Fruits,  and  among  the  hundred  or 
more  fruits  discussed  is  the  "  Chinese  litchi. 

In  the  years  1915  and  1916  considerable  interest  in  the  lychee 
seems  to  have  been  manifested  in  Florida.  A  paper  was  read  before 
the  State  Horticultural  Society  by  W.  S.  Taylor2  who  also  wrote;articfes 
for  the  Florida  Times  Union  in  an  endeavor  to  arouse  the  people  of 
his  state  to  an  interest  in  this  fruit. 

The  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  issued  a  bulletin 
July  27,  1917,  "The  Litchi  in  Hawaii"  by  J.  E.  Higgins  3  , 
Horticulturist.  This  work  contains  valuable  information  regarding 
some  interesting  experiments  in  propagation  which  were  performed 
at  that  station  and  also  with  regard  to  insect  enemies.  This  work 
has  b?en  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  increasing  interest  which  is 
now  manifested  in  the  lychee  and  lungan  and  it  is  frequently  referred 
to  in  the  body  of  this  work. 

1  Poprnoe,    F.  W.,    in  The  standard  cyclopedia   of   horticulture,   editrd 
by  L.  H.  Bailey,  in  six  volumes,  New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1917, 
Vol.  4,  pages  1891,  1892,  1893  and  2131. 

2  Taylor,    W.   S.,    Florida  grower,  July  17,    1915,  and  April  18.  1916 ; 
Florida  times  union,  February  8  and  22  and  March  2,  16  and  23,  1916. 

3  Higgins,  J.  E.  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,    Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  Washington,   Government  printing  office,  1917. 


CHA-PTtR  V 
BOTANY  OF  FOUR  IMPORTANT  SAPINDACEOUS  FRUITS 

The  sub-family  Nephelieae  of  the  family  Sapindaceae  has  for 
centuries  provided  the  thickly  populated  regions  of  Southern  Asia 
and  the  East  Indies  with  four  popular  and  refreshing  fruits.  These 
represent  four  distinct  species  which  are  grouped  within  three  closely 
related  genera,  one  each  in  Litchi  and  Euphoria  and  two  in 
Nephelium.  Each  species  is  represented  by  a  number  of  horticultural 
varieties  which  have  been  popularized  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
regions  in  which  the  fruits  are  grown.  It  is  surprising  that  not  one 
of  these  four  fruits  has  ever  been  commercially  introduced  into  the 
Western  Hemisphere  and  that  there  is  not  found  there  a  single 
cultivated  fruit  belonging  to  this  family.  The  four  fruits  herein 
described  should  prove  worthy  introductions  into  any  country  where 
climate  and  soil  are  adapted  to  their  culture. 

Of  the  four  fruits  of  this  study  the  iychee  is  doubtless  the 
most  widely  known  in  foreign  countries.  As  the  dried,  so-called 
"  Iychee  nut  "  it  is  exported  from  China  in  considerable  quantities. 
Foreign  residents  of  southern  China,  and  visitors  who  come  here  in 
the  summer,  always  remember  the  Iychee  as  the  one  distinctive  fruit 
of  this  region.  At  no  other  place  in  the  world,  except  to  some 
extent  in  India,  is  the  Iychee  grown  as  a  commercial  fruit.  In 
China,  in  the  provinces  of  Fukien  and  Kwangtung,  the  cultivation  of 
the  two  sub-tropical  species  has  developed  into  one  of  the  largest 
fruit  industries  of  the  nation. 

The  family  Sapindaceae  includes  among  its  species  the  com- 
mon soapberry  l  and  a  large  number  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical  trees, 

1  The  family  Sapindaceae  is  commonly  known  as  the  soapberry  family 
and  includes  the  genus  Sapindtis.  This  name  is  said  to  be  a  contraction  of 
Sapo  Indicus,  Indian  soap,  which  has  reference  to  the  saponaceous  character 
of  the  berries.  The  species  found  common  in  United  States  is  S.  acuminatus 
Raf.  A  very  common  species  in  China  is  S.  mukorosii  Gaertn.  commonly 
known  as  Mu  Huan  (^C^,)  or  Wu  Huan  Tsu  (^fc.lHr*)  and  widely  used  for 
soap.  Herbert  A.  Giles  in  his  Chinese-English  Dictionary,  page  632,  says 
that  the  black  seeds  of  this  species  are. used  as  charms  to  drive  away  demons 
and  their  pulpy  skin  as  a  detergent. 

32 


BOTANY  OF  FOUR  IMl'JKT.VNT  SAPJNDACEOUS  FRUITS 


some  of  which  bear  edible  fruit.  The  lyclue  and  the  liutyan  are 
the  two  most  important  sub-tropical  forms  and  the  ra nth  titan  and 
the  pulassan  are  the  two  most  highly  developed  tropical  species. 
Formerly  these  four  were  usually  grouped  in  the  genus  Ncpliclium 
with  the  names  A',  lilchi,  N.  lonyann.  .V.  luppar.i  H//tand/V.  mutabilc 
respectively.  George  I)on  (1831-1838) x,  Miquel  (1855-1859)  2 
Hooker  (1875)  5  ,  and  Kurz  (1877)  4  give  excellent  outlines  of 
X'tpheliuni  under  which  they  list  the  lychee  and  the  lungan. 
Baillon  5  in  his  work  published  in  1878,  divides  the  Sapindaccac 
into  eight  series  with  74  genera.  His  third  series,  tiapindeac,  with 
40  genera  includes  the  plants  of  this  study.  Recent  botanists  have 
placed  the  lychee  and  the  lungan,  according  to  characters  which 
readily  separate  them  from  the  rambutan  and  the  pulassan  and  from 
each  other,  in  the  two  separate  genera  Litcki  and  Euphoria.  They 
continue  to  group  the  rambutan  and  the  pulassan  under  Ncph.diiim. 
Radlkofer6  who  has  given  the  group  the  latest  and  best  study  has 
also  followed  this  treatment. 

It  is  fortunate  that  this  family  of  plants  has  been  the  life-long 
study  of  the  botanist,  Ludwig  Radlkofer,  to  whom  we  now  look  as 
the  authority  on  the  relationships  of  the  lychee  and  the  lungan.  It 
is  difficult  to  over-estimate  the  value  of«the  kind  of  knowledge  such  as 
Radlkofer  has  collected  and  recorded  in  his  numerous  writings  on  the 
Sapindaccae.  In  experimenting  with  stocks  on  which  to  graft  the 
lychee  and  also  in  hybridizing  work,  such  knowledge  is  absolutely 
indispensable.  As  a  result  of  Radlkofer' s  careful  investigations,  the 
relationships  of  the  lychee  and  the  lungan  to  the  other  members  of 

1  Don,   George,  A  general  history   of  the   dicJilamvdous  plants.      Jn    fom 
volumes.     London,  }.  (}.  and  F.  Rivington.     1831.   Vol.    I,   pages  654,  655, 
670  and  671. 

2  Miquel,    Frieclrich    Anton   Wilhelm,  Flora  van  Ncderlandsrh.      Indie, 
Amsterdam,  C.  G.  van  der  Post,  1859,  pages  554,  555,  556  and  557. 

1  Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton,  Flora  of  British  India.      London,  L.  Reeve 
&  Co.,  1875/7  vol.  Vol.  1  pages  686,  687,  688,  689  and  690. 

Kurz,  Sulpiz,  rorsst  flora  of  British  Burma.  •  Calcutta,  Office  of  the 
superintendent  of  government  printing,  1877.  "2  volumes.  Vol.  1,  papes 
2D2-293  and  294. 

5  Baillon,   Henri  KrneNt,  The  natural  history  of  plants.  London,  1878,  L. 
Reeve  &  Co.,  in  8  volumes.  Vol.  5,  pages  850,  377,  394,  395  and  396. 

Radlkofer,  Ludvvig,  Stipindactde  in  die  naturlichen  Pflanzenj cann lien , 
begr.  von  A  Kngler  und  K.  Prantl.  Leipzig,  \Vrlag  von  Wilhelm  Engelmann 
1X96.  Ill  Teil.  5.  Alneilung,  pages  32S  to  334. 


34  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG AN 


the  family  are  known  with  a  high  decree  of  probability.  For  example 
we  find  the  species  most  closely  related  to  the  lychee,  Litclii 
chinensis  Sonn,  and.  hence  of  greatest  promise  for  use  as  stock,  is 
the  Philippine  wild  lychee,  Litchi  pkilippinenfiie  Radlk.  (fig.  2),  a 
large  tree  reaching  a  considerable  height  and  growing  on  the  hills 
and  mountains  at  an  altitude  of  100-1700  feet.  Pscudoncphcliiuti 
fumatutn  (Bl. )  Radlk.  is  also  very  closely  related  and  may  serve  as 
a  useful  stock  on  which  to  grow  the  lychee.  Considerable  experi- 
mentation along  this  line  has  already  been  done  with  Euphoria 
long  ana  Lam.,  to  which  the  Philippine  form,  Euphoria  cimrut 
Radlk.  (fig.  3)  is  closely  related. 

Radlkofer  places  the  four  fruits  in  the  subfamily  Xtplulicuc 
which  he  divides  into  12  genera  with  about  78  species.  These  he 
classifies  under  two  main  divisions.  The  one,  which  includes  the 
four  species  widely  cultivated  for  their  edible  arils,  has  indehiscent 
fruits  and  is  limited  to  tropical  and  sub-tropical  Asia  and  the  northern 
islands  of  the  Malayan  Archipelago.  The  other,  which  includes  the 
Titoki  tree  of  New  Zealand,  has  fruits  opening  spontaneously  at 
maturity  and  occurs  in  Polynesia,  Australasia,  the  southern  islands  of 
the  Malayan  Archipelago  and  in  South  Africa.  No  species  of  the 
latter  is  known  to  occur  on  the  Asiatic  mainland  or  on  the  neighbor- 
ing islands.  The  first  of  these  groups,  with  fruits  not  opening 
spontaneously  at  maturity,  is  divided  by  Radlkofer  into  two  sub-groups. 
The  one,  which  includes  the  lychee  and  the  lungan,  has  fruits  with 
the  arillus  free  from  the  seed.  The  other,  which  includes  the 
rambutan  and  the  pulassan,  has  fruits  with  the  arillus  adherent  to  the 
seed.  This  subfamily  Xcphclieae,  with  special  reference  to  the  four 
fruits  with  which  we  are  concerned,  can  thus  be  represented  as 
follows: 

1 — Fruits  indehiscent 

A — Fruits  with  arillus  free  from  the  seed 

1— The  LYCHEE  GROUP  comprising  the  genera  Lite  hi 
and  Euphoria,  and  two  others,  with  a  total  of  15  species 
(see  outline  of  Lychee  Group). 

a — Leaflets  with  lateral  veins  obsolete.  Calyx  1/5 
cleft;  petals  none.  Fruit  muricateand  red.  Litclii 
chinensis  Sonn.  (fig.  44),  the  lychee  of  com- 
merce. 


PLATE  VI 


FIGURE  4. — Root  System  of  a  Mature  Lychee  Tree. 


m 

FIGURE  5. — A  Flower  Panicle  of  the  Lychee. 


UOTANY  OF  FOUR  IMPORTANT  SAPIXDACEOUH  FRUITS      35 


aa — Leaflets  with  lateral  veins  more  or  less  conspicuous. 
Calyx  1/2  cleft ;  petals  five.  Fruit  smaller  than 
above,  smooth  and  yellow.  Euphoria  lon<)<in<t 
Lam.,  (fig.  59),  the  lungan  of  commerce. 

B. — Fruits  with  arillus  adherent  to  the  seed 

2— The  RAMBUTAN  GROUP  comprising  the  genus 
Nephelium  and  two  other  genera,  including  in  all  about 
45  species. 

a — Leaflets  2-12.  Fruit  echinate-muricate  with  long, 
hairy  setae,  1/2  to  2  in.  long;  red,  yellowish, 
orange  or  nearly  black.  Xc^hcUiltn  lappaccitm 
Linn.,  the  rambutan. 

aa — Leaflets  4-8.  Fruit  echinate-muricate  with  strong, 
rigid  setae,  1  to  1  1/2  in.  long;  red;  aril  separates 
more  readily  from  the  seed  than  in  the  former. 
Xrphcliitni  nnilabik  Blume.  the  pulassan. 

1 1 — Fruits  dehiscent 

3— The  TITOKI  GROUP  with  5  genera  including  in  all 
about  28  species. 

Of  the  three  groups  above  represented,  the  lychee  group  is  of 
the  most  importance  inasmuch  as  it  contains  the  species  most  com- 
monly represented  in  China  and  the  Philippines  and  especially  as  it 
contains  the  two  most  highly  prized  and  commercially  developed  of 
the  four  fruits.  The  titoki  group  is  of  no  special  significance  in  this 
study. 

THK  LYCHKE  GRC.UP 

Litcki  ch-inensits  Sonn.  *  Voy.  p.  240.      vl/82) 

Litclti    phiiippine sis    Radlk.    in    Philip.    Journ.    Sci.     8 
(C,  6):  458.    (1913) 

Otonephelium    stipalaccum    Radlk.    in    Kngl.   &   Prantl. 
Natl.  Pfl.-fam.,  3.V:329.      (1895) 

Xe ph e I i \i m   stip ida a  u m    Bedd.     in    Madias   Journ. 
ser.  3,  no.  1.  p. "39.      (1864) 

Pstudoncphdmm  funialum  Radlk.    in    Knrrl.    c^    Plant. 

Natl.   Pfl.-fam.,  3.V:329.     (-1895) 


36  THE  LYCHEE  ANJ)  LUNGAN 


NepheliumfiwntttumBlume,  Rumphia,  3:111.  (1847) 
Euphoria  longana  Lam.,  Encycl.  meth.  3:574.  ,(1791) 

Euphoria    cin<r<n    Radlk.,   Sitzb.   Akad.   Wiss.    Munch. 

8:299.    (1878) 

tiapindiis \cincrtv-s  Turcz. ,  Bui.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow, 
31:402.  (1858 ) 

Euphoria  stcliulala  Radlk. ,  Sitzb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Munch. 
8:303.  (1878) 

Sapindus  steUulatu^Turcz.,  Bui.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow, 
31:403.  (1858) 

Euphoria  elongata  Radlk. ,  Sap.  Holl.-Ind.  in  Actes  Congr. 
Bot.  Intern.  Amsterdam.  (Separate  with  new 
pagination)  p.  7,  25.  (1877  or  78?) 

Euphoria  malaiensis  Radlk.,  Sap.  Holl.-lnd.  in  Actes 
Congr.  Bot.  Item.  Amsterdam.  (Separate  with  new 
pagination)  p.  7,  72.  (1877  or  78?) 

Euphoria  Girducri  Bedd.,  Ic.  PI.  Ind.  Or.  p  67,  pi.  285. 
(1874). 

Ncphelium  Gardncri  Thwaites,  Enum.  PI.  Zeyl.  p. 
58.  1864  (N.B.  The  transfer  in  Benth.  5c 
Hook.  1 867,  p.  406  is  not  a  valid  tsf. ) 

Kuphoria  cchinulala  Radlk.,  Rec.  Bot.  Surv.  Ind.  3:347. 
(1907)." 

Euphoria  sctosa  Radlk.,  Rec.  Bot.  Surv.  Ind.  3:347. 
(1907). 

Euphoria  nepkciioidcs  Radlk.,  Phil.  Journ.  Sci.  8  (, C,  6)  : 
457.  (1913). 

Euphoria  fovcolata  Radlk. ,  Phil.  Journ.  Sci.  8  (  C,  6): 
457.  (1913). 

Euphoria  gracilis  Radlk.  in  Elm.  Leaflets  Bot.  5:1606. 
(1913). 

Note:  In  cases  of  transfer  the  citation  is  given  to  the  first  description 
as  well  as  to  the  transfer,  and  the  former  is  underlined. 


BOTANY  OF  FOFU  IMPORTANT  SAPIXPAC'EOUS  FKriTS      37 


BOTANY  OF  THI:   LYCHFE 
Synonomy  of  Lit-chi 

Ldi  Iji  clnn<  /m*  Osb.  Itin.  (1765) 

Litcki  chincusis  Sonn.      Voy.  p.  230.    (1782)  pi.  129 

de.  fruct.  p.  197,  (1785)  pi.  xlii 


edulis  Alton.      Hort.  Kew.  2:36.  (1789) 

Lifr.hi  Lour.     Fl.  Cochin  ......  (1790)  (See 

ed.  2,  p.  286-7) 
Euphoria  punicea  Lam.  Encycl.  mech.  3:573.    (1791) 

Eupliori<ixim  Hsi*  Gmel.      Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  13  (1796), 

2:611. 
Ei±phori_ti    Litcki  Desf.      D.  C.    Prod.    1:611.     (1824) 

(Or'Desf.  Cat.  159,  1815?) 

Lit-chi    Camb.      in  Mem.    Mus.  Par.  18:30. 


(1829) 
Scyialin  Litcki  Roxb.      Fl.  Ind.  2:269.    (1832) 

Neplielium   duriocarpus  Anders.    Fl.   Behar,    Asiat.   Soc. 

~Bens.  32:199.     (See  Hook.   Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  688) 
DESCRIPTION 

The  Ira  as  seen  in  cultivation  (fig,  6)  is  a  handsome  ever- 
green,. 30-50  feet  high  with  a  naturally  low  head  15-30  feet  broad 
and  a  short  stocky  trunk,  which  when  mature  reaches  a  diameter  of 
3-4  feet.  Seedling  trees  in  the  wild  or  semi-cultivation  usually  have 
a  higher  trunk  and  sometimes  reach  immense  dimensions.  In  the 
hilly  country  of  South  China  where  trees  have  ideal  growing  condi- 
tions we  have  observed  lychee  trees  70  feet  high,  with  a  spread  of 
head  of  60  feet  and  a  trunk  girth,  breast  high,  of  12  feet  (figures  47 
and  48).  There  are  numerous,  crooked,  low-hanging  or  spreading 
branches.  The  tree  is  glabrous  in  all  its  parts  and  has  a  smooth 
bark.  The  wood  is  brownish-red,  heavy,  and  close  grained  and 
takes  a  fine  polish.  In  Kwangtunu;  it  is  commonly  used  for  plow 
handles  and  for  grain-mill  parts.  Roxburgh1  says,  "independently 

1  Roxburgh,  William,  Flora  Jndica\  or  descriptions  of  Indian  plants, 
Scrampore,  printed  for  W.  Thacker  &  Co.,  Calcutta,  1832.  2  volume*-. 
Vol.  2,  papc  27(1. 


38  THE  LYCHEE  AND   1.  UNO  AN 


of  the  well  known  fruit  of  this  tree,  it  is  highly  ornamental,  being 
one  of  the  most  permanent  evergreens  we  have  in  India."  It  certain- 
ly provides  a  marked  feature  of  much  of  the  beautiful  Kwangtung 
landscape. 

The  roots  are  fibrous,  extending  in  all  directions  to  about  the 
width  of  the  tree  and  providing  a  thick  net-work  of  growth  (fig.  4). 

The  foliage  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  is  of  a  deep 
green,  laurel-like  appearance.  In  winter  or  spring  the  new  growth 
flushes  forth  a  beautiful  orange  foliage  (Ridgeway,  Plate  u,  90  R-O 
Mars  Orange),  which  forms  quite  a  contrast  in  the  appearance  of  the 
tree.  The  leaves  are  compound,  .-5-9  inches  long,  petioled  and 
abruptly  pinnate.  In  general  appearance  the  Chinese  often  compare 
them  to  those  of  the  camphor  and  cinnamon  trees.  Leaflets  2-10 
(mostly  5,  6  and  7)  usually  opposite,  shortly  petioled,  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  coriaceous,  tapering  to  a  fine  point,  base 
cuneate.  They  are  very  smooth  and  glossy  above,  glaucous  beneath 
and  of  a  firm  texture,  with  netted  veins,  the  lateral  ones  almost 
obsolete. 

Flowers  small  and  numerous,  forming  a  large,  oblong, 
terminal  and  leafless  panicle  (fig.  5)  of  the  length  of  the  leaves  or 
longer.  These  are  ramous  and  erect  or  ascending.  The  small 
greenish-white  or  yellowish  flowers,  1/12  to  1/8  inch  wide  are  on 
some  trees  mostly  hermaphrodite  while  on  others  mostly  male. 
They  quickly  turn  brown  and  are  not  of  a  pleasing  odor.  They 
open  in  China  in  March  and  April,  and  in  Bengal  and  British  Burma 
in  February  and  March.  Ualyx  small,  cup-shaped,  four,  rarely  five 
toothed  and  both  sides  downy.  Petals  none.  In  both  the  hermaph- 
rodite and  male  flowers  there  is  a  large  fleshy,  crenulate  gland,  the 
nectary,  into  which  the  stamens  and  pistil  are  inserted.  Stamens 
from  6-10.  Filaments  in  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  short,  pubescent 
and  spreading  and  in  the  male  flower  almost  three  times  as  long. 
Anthers  shorter  than  filaments,  roundish  and  two-lobed.  Ovary 
superior,  elevated  on  a  short  column,  two-lobed,  pubescent,  two- 
celled,  each  containing  a  single  ovule.  Style  erect,  rather  short  and 
hairy,  fttigmz  two  cleft,  divisions  revolute. 


Fruit  1-2  lobed,  the  lobes  usually  solitary  by  abortion;  very 
rarely  paired.  They  are  round  or  oval  about  1  to  Is  inches  in 
diameter  with  a  thin,  leathery,  bright  red  muricated  pericarp  which 
becomes  quite  brittle  when  dried.  Next  under  it  is  the  edible 


BOTANY  OF  FOUR  IMPORTANT  SAPINDACEOUS  FKU1TS 


portion  which  is  the  delicious,  sub-acid,  semi-transparent,  jelly-like 
aril  which  covers  the  seed.  This  aril  is  usually  of  an  azure  white  or 
light  yellow  appearance  which  in  some  varieties  inclines  to  a  pink. 
The  seed  is  single,  oblong,  smooth  and  brown  and  loosely  affixed  at 
the  base  to  the  pulpy  aril.  It  is  rudimentary  in  some  varieties,  when 
the  Chinese  speak  of  it  as  like  a  chicken  tongue,  and  quite  large  in 
others.  The  embryo  is  erect  without  perisperm, 

The  lychee  might  be  described  a  little  more  fully  as  a  fruit 
which  in  size  is  about  that  of  a  very  large  strawberry  or  of  a  small 
English  walnut;  it  inclines  a  little  more  to  the  elliptical  of  the  straw- 
berry than  to  the  oval  of  the  walnut.  When  the  fruit  is  fresh  the 
skin  has  the  toughness  of  a  thick-skinned  grape  but  when  dried  snaps 
open  with  the  brittleness  of  a  very  thin,  paper-shelled  almond.  The 
skin  is  leathery  and  of  various  textures  and  always  tends  toward  a 
verrucose  surface  with  angular  tubercles. 

The  different  types  vary  in  color  from  that  of  a  highly  tinted 
strawberry  to  the  greener  tmt  of  a  plum.  The  fruits  form  somewhat 
in  clusters,  but  are  not  bunched  as  in  the  grape.  When  fresh  the 
lychee  breaks  open  and  is  eaten  much  like  the  grape.  The  flavor 
and  texture  of  the  lychee  might  be  described  as  midway  between  the 
juicy  sweetness  of  a  highly  cultivated  grape  and  the  sub-acidity  of  a 
cherry.  Some  varieties  are  noted  for  their  delicate,  rose-scented 
fragrance.  In  the  dried  form  the  fruit  suggests  somewhat  the  taste 
and  character  of  a  large  dried  raisin  from^which  the  paper-shelled 
covering  must  first  be  removed.  In  this  form  some  have  compared 
its  taste  to  that  of  a  large  dried  cherry  or  grape. 

The  usual  habitat  of  the  cultivated  lychee  is  on  the  foothills 
or  along  the  banks  or  dykes  of  streams  of  sub-tropical  regions. 
Although  its  precise  indigenous  stations  have  not  been  ascertained  it 
is  doubtless  native  to  South  China  and  grows  especially  well  in 
Kwangtung  and  Fukien.  A  sour,  hardy  variety,  known  as  the 
"mountain  lychee"  or  "shan  chih"  (fli^t)  is  found  in  a  semi-wild 
state  in  Kwangtung.  The  lychee  is  also  found  in  Kwangsi  and 
Szechwan,  and  in  Hongkong,  Formosa  and  Hainan.  Introduced 
from  South  China  it  is  now  widely  cultivated  in  India,  especially  in 
the  Bengal  region  and  in  British  Burma.  The  lychee  in  cultivation, 
at  its  best,  is  a  low-altitude,  water-loving  plant,  especially  valuable 
for  planting  along  the  dykes  of  streams  in  sub-tropical  areas  where 
heavy  frosts  do  not  occur. 


40       .  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


BOTANY  OF  THE  LUNG AN 

Synonomy  of  Euphoria  lotignna  as  outlined  by  Karl  Ludwig 
Blume1  : 

Ncpkdium  Long-fjan  Blume. 

Nephclium  Longana  Camb.  in  Mem.  Mus.  d'hist.  Nat. 
XVIII,  p.  50. 

Ncphelium  Longana  Hook,  in  Curt.  Hot.  Mag.  tab. 
4096. -W alp.  Repert.  bot.  V.  p.  564.  1. 

NcpkcliuM  Longanum  Wight  et  Arn.  Prodr.  Flor. 
Penins.  hid.  Or.  p.  115.1.  Walp.  Repert.  bot.  1. 
p.  420.  4. 

Nepheliuin  Baigalcnse  G.  Don  in  Mill.  bot.  et  gard. 
Diet.  1.  p.  670. 

8cytalia  Longan  Roxb. ,  Flor.  Ind.  II.  p.  270. 

Bima  Noronh.  in  Verh.  Batav.  Gen.  V.  (1790).  Bima 
cinnamomca  s.  Linking  M.  S. 

Dimocarpus  Longan  Lour.  Flor.  Cochinch.  (ed. 
WilldJ  p.  288.2-Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  (ed.  2).  p. 
554.2.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  II.  tab.  28. 

Euphoria  Longan  Lam.,  Enc.  bot.  III.  p.  574.2-De 
Cand.  Prodr.  Syst.  Veg.  I.  p.  611.  2. 

Euphoria  Lon-gan  Juss.  Gen.  Plant,  p.  248-Spr.  Syst. 
Veg.  II.  p.  222.2.-Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  tab  1729. 

Longanncs  vulg-o  Longanicr  Buchoz  Icon.  col.  tab.  99. 
Long-yen  Hist,  des  Voyag.  VI.  p.  457. 
Lacng-an  Osb.  Itin.   (ed.  Germ.)  p.  251. 

Kjugan,  v.  Djugaii,  vulgo  t)  jug  an  Kaempf.  Amoenit. 
exol.  p.  817. 

1  Blume,  Karl  Ludwig,  Rumf>hia;  sive,  Commentationes  botanic%ae 
imprimis  de  plantis  Indiae  Orientalis,  turn  penitus  incognitis  turn  quae  in 
libris  Rhedii,  Rumphii,  Roxburghii,  Wallichii  aliorumque  recensentur. 

Scripsit    C.    L.    Blume    cognomine     Rumphius Lugduni    Batavornni, 

prostat  Amstelodami,    apud    C.    G.    Sulpke;     1835-48.    4    volumes.    Tomus 
Tertius,  page  108. 


IVJTAXY  OF  l-'OUl   IMPORTANT  SAIMNDACKOt'S  FRUITS     41 


of    l.)ra<  kx-vo<j<.     (oculus   Draconis)     Dapper 
Beschr.  Sin.  p.  209. 


n  Jonst.  Dendr.  p.  475. 
LuniytH,  Boym.  in  Flor.  Sinens. 

Lony  ijanv.  Lony  yen,  vulgoLungyen,  et  pronunciation 
Japonica  Riu.  gan.,  i.e.  oculus  Draconis. 

Note:  Euphoria  Litchi  (hand  Juss!)  Blanc.  Flor.  Filip.  p.  285 
and  Boa  s.  Boboa,  Boasbas  Camel),  in  Raj.  Hist.  Plant.  Ill  in 
App.  p.  52.  14  have  been  eliminated  from  this  synonomy 
inasmuch  as  they  do  not  belong  here. 

Radlkofer  places  this  species  under  Euphoria  and  as  such 
gives  it  the  name  Euphoria  long  ana  from  Lamarack,  Encyclopedia 
Mcthodique  3:574  published  in  1791.  As  outlined  under  the  lychee 
group  there  are  ten  other  species  in  this  genus  of  which  Euphoria 
cinerea  (fur.  3),  a  Philippine  form,  is  especially  worthy  of  closer 
study.  This  species  is  an  edible  form  closely  allied  to  the  lungan 
and  known  in  the  Philippines  as  the  "alupag.  " 

This  fact  that  there  are  in  addition  to  the  Chinese  lungan 
other  edible  species  with  which  to  hybridize  it,  makes  the  field  for 
the  creation  of  new  forms  of  this  hardier  species  a  very  promising 
one.  The  possibilities  of  using  these  forms  as  stock  on  which  to 
graft  the  lychee,  as  well  as  the  possibilities  of  hybridizing,  make 
imperative  a  systematic  study  and  careful  collection  of  all  these 
interesting  species. 

DESCRIPTION 

The  tree  of  the  lungan,  at  its  best,  is  a  somewhat  more  hand- 
some ornamental  with  higher  head  and  spreading  branches.  The 
bark  of  the  tree  is  decidedly  corky  instead  of  smooth  as  in  the  case  of 
the  lychee.  The  branches  seem  more  brittle  but  the  wood  is  not  so 
hard  or  highly  prized  by  the  Chinese  as  in  the  case  of  the  lychee. 

The  foliage  is  usually  of  a  darker  green  than  is  that  of  most 
varieties  of  the  lychee.  In  early  winter  it  flushes  forth  a  beautiful 
garnet  brown  young  growth  (Ridgeway,  Plate  i,  3  O.  R.  Garnet 
Brown)  which  at  once  is  a  distinguishing  characteristic  from  the 
orange  flush  of  the  lychee  (Ridgeway,  Plate  IT,  9  OROO  Mars 
Orange).  The  leaves  are  compound,  alternate,  petioled  and  pinnate. 


42  THE  LYCIIEE  AND  LUNCJAN 


They  average  4-8  inches  long.  The  leaflets  which  are  opposite  or. 
alternate  are  of  a  more  oval  oblong  outline  than  the  lanceolate  of  the 
lychee;  and  their  point  is  less  sharp.  Unlike  the  lychee  the  margin 
of  the  leaflets  is  decidedly  wavy.  The  lateral  veins  are  numerous 
and  unlike  the  lyches  are  very  prominent.  The  leaflets  are  smooth 
on  top  and  tarn;shed  or  somewhat  pubescent  underneath. 

The  flowers  are  small  but  larger  than  the  lychee  and  arranged 
on  velvety,  slightly  angular  flower  stalks.  Flowers  yellowish-brown. 
The  calyx  is  hairy  outside  and  divided  into  five  parts.  Petals  five, 
rarely  six;  pubescent.  Filaments  pubescent;  anthers  glabrous.  The 
ovary  is  divided  into  two,  sometime  three,  parts.  The  lobes  are 
quite  large,  rounded  and  velvety.  The  style  is  thick  and  stiymn 
short  and  somewhat  double.  The  fruits  are  rounded,  of  a  yellow 
brown  color  and  almost  smooth  on  the  surface.  The  flavor  of  the 
fruit  is  not  so  delicate  as  the  lychee  but  more  vinous.  The  seed  is 
rounded,  of  a  beautiful  black  color  and  marked  at  the  base  with  a 
white  orbicular  spot  which  gives  it  the  appearance  of  an  eye,  giving 
it  the  name  "  dragon  eye." 

In  South  China  there  are  many  varieties  of  the  lungan,  the 
cultivated  forms  being  usually  grafted.  The  lungan  is  not  only 
valuable  as  a  fruit  tree  but  is  a  beautiful  ornamental,  especially  in  the 
winter  when  it  flushes  forth  its  beautiful  garnet  brown  young  foliage. 

The  lungan  is  a  native  to  South  China  and  is  found  growing 
at  higher  latitudes  and  higher  altitudes  than  the  lychee.  It  thrives 
much  better  on  higher  ground  than  the  lychee  and  endures  more 
frost.  It  is  rarely  found  growing  along  the  dykes  of  streams  as  is  the 
lycheee  but  does  especially  well  on  high  ground  near  ponds. 

THE  LUNGLY  (8fe,2fc) — A  Lungan-lycliee  hybrid 

Various  Chinese  writers  refer  to  what  is  apparently  a  hybrid 
between  the  lungan  and  the  lychee,  and  which  they  call  the  Innyly. 
In  the  Annals  of  Kwangsi l  attention  is  called  to  this  fruit,  where  it 
is  said  that  the  lungly  tree  and  leaf  have  some  of  the  characteristics 
of  both  the  lungan  and  the  lychee.  The  pericarp  is  said  to  be  like 
the  lychee  but  the  meat  like  the  lungan.  They  are  not  considered 
good  but  can  be  eaten  after  cooking.  When  eaten  raw  they  are  said 
to  produce  great  quantities  of  mucus  in  the  throat  which  produces  a 
sickness  in  the  eater.  They  bear  fruit  at  the  time  of  the  lychee.  t 

x.,  1800,    Volume 


Kwangsi  T'uhg  Chili  (J§tl5JM/uiO  by  Chi  Ching 
29  (n-j-^L^s:),  section  87  (A-h-b&)>  PaRe  7  (HM^f 


BOTANY  OF  FOUR  IMPORTANT  PAPJNDACEOU6  FIIUITS     43 


Two  FRUITS  OF  THE  RAM  BUT  AN  GROUP 

The  two  fruits  of  the  rambutan  group  are  distinct  from  the 
two  of  the  lychee  group  in  that  they  are  tropical  instead  of  subtropical 
forms  and  that  the  arillus  is  adherent  instead  of  free  from  the  seed. 
Chinese  living  in  the  Straits  Settlements  report  that  these  two  tropical 
fruits  consist  of  many  varieties  but  that  none  are  so  delicious  as  the 
lychee.  Their  chief  criticism  of  these  fruits  is  that  the  aril  adheres 
more  tightly  to  the  seed  and  that  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  ray; 
which  cannot  be  swallowed. 

Botanical  descriptions  of  the  rambulan,  Ncplteliitm  lap- 
pactiun  Linn.,  and  the  pulasian,  Ncphclium  mittabile  Blume,  are 
not  attempted  here.  W.  P.  Hiern  l  in  Hooker's  Flora  of  British 
India  gives  complete  botanical  descriptions.  Bertha  Hoola  van 
Nooten  2  has  pictured  the  fruit,  flowers  and  leaves  of  the  rambutan 
on  a  full  page  plate.  The  rambutan  is  pictured  with  long,  hairy 
setae.  The  pulassan  is  said  to  have  strong,  rigid  setae.  This  fact  is 
interesting  in  view  of  the  rudimentary  marks  of  setae  on  the  lychee 
and  the  complete  absence  in  the  lungan. 

1  Hiern,  W.  P.,  in  Hooker,  Sir  Joseph    Dalton,    The    Flora   of  British 
India,    assisted   by   various   botanists.      London,    L.    Reeve  &  Co.,  1875,    7 
volumes.  Vol.  1,  pages  687  and  688. 

2  Nooten,  Madam  Berthe  Hoola  Van,  Fleurs,  fruits  et  feuillages  choisis 
de    la   flore    et   de   la   pomone   de    Tile   de   Java;   peints   d'apres  nature  par 
Madame  Berthe  Hoola  van  Nooten.      Bruxelles,    E.    Tarlier,    1863.     Issued 
in  10  parts  in  French  and  English. 


CHAPTER  Vi 

THE  SOUTH  CHINA  KEUIOX,  THE  HOME 

OF  THE 
LYCIIEE  AND  LUNGAN 

The  South  China  region,  as  usually  considered,  comprises 
six  of  the  provinces  of  China,  with  a  total  area  of  475,000  square 
miles  and  a  population  of  92,000,000.  There  is  grown  in  this 
region  a  wide  range  of  grain,  vegetables  and  fruit.  The  lychee  is 
decidedly  the  most  popular  fruit  of  the  whole  section.  But  it  cannot 
be  successfully  grown  in  some  of  these  provinces,  only  partially  so 
in  others,  and  extensively  in  but  two,  Kwangtung  \J$|jfiJ  and  Fukien 
(JSift).  A  few  districts  of  Kwangsi  (j^H9)  produce  the  lychee  but 
not  in  great  quantities.  Chinese  literature  points  to  the  fact  that  in 
Yunnan  (f§$|)  it  has  been  successfully  grown  in  only  one  district. 
Szechwan  IHJlp  to  the  northwest,  and  geographically  not  included 
in  the  provinces  of  South  China,  produces  an  inferior  type.  In 
Cochin-China  to  the  south,  now  a  French  possession,  the  fruit  is 
known  to  do  well  and  it  will  grow  as  far  south  as  Siam.  It  is  also 
produced  in  Formosa,  the  island  belonging  to  Japan  off  the  coast  of 
Fukien  province  and  it  thrives  exceedingly  well  in  Hainan,  the  island 
belonging  to  China  off  her  south-east  coast.  The  lungan,  not  so 
highly  prized  as  the  lychee,  is  nevertheless  usually  found  contiguous  to  it. 

Kwangtung  and  Fukien  are  the  two  great  lychee  and  lungan 
provinces.  They  cover  an  area  of  150,000,  square  miles  and  they 
support  a  population  of  55,000,000.  Cantonese  and  Fukienese 
greatly  prize  the  lychee  and  have  consequently  highly  developed  it. 
A  study  of  the  history  and  literature  of  these  two  provinces  interest- 
ingly discloses  that  for  centuries  these  people  have  striven  with  one 
another  for  supremacy  in  lychee  culture  and  in  the  export  trade.  It 
is  a  fact  worthy  of  note  that  in  both  these  provinces  the  districts 
which  have  been  most  successful  are  those  which,  at  low  altitudes, 
lie  close  to  the  rivers  and  coast.  The  world- wide  distribution  of 
these  fruits  in  dried  and  canned  form  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  these  districts  are  those  from  which  have  come  most  of  the 
Chinese  emigrants. 

44 


PLATE  VII 


FIGURE  6. — Rice  Field  with  Lychee  Trees  along  Inner  and  Outer  Dykes. 


FIGURE  7. — Limb  of  Lychee  Tree  over  Lotus  Pond. 


PLATE  VIII 


FIGURE  8. — Cantonese  Women  Harvesting  Sagittaria  in  Muddy  Field  Bordered 

with  Lychee. 


FIGURE  9. — Fish-Ponds  along  the  Pearl  River  Bordered  with  Lychee. 


PLATE  IX 


FIGURE  10. — Lychee  Trees  along  Walled  Dykes  of  Pearl  River. 


FIGURE  n. — Lvchee  Trees  Withstand  the  Pearl  River  in  Flood. 


PLATE  X 


FIGURE  12. — Attractive  Walk  along  Lychee  Dykes. 


'-•4 


FIGURE  13. — Lychee  and  Plum  Planted  across  Dyked  Fields. 


THK  SOt'TH  CHINA   KKiJION  45 


It  is  thus  seen  that  although  the  lychee  may  thrive  best  in 
only  specially  favored  delta  regions,  its  culture  is  nevertheless  possible 
over  a  decidedly  wide  range  of  sub-tropical  territory.  The  writer  is 
best  acquainted  with  the  Canton  delta  and  has  described  and  pictured 
it  as  ideal  for  lychee  culture. 

The  Canton  delta  is  the  most  densely  populated  and  intensive- 
ly cultivated  region  in  the  world  and  here  the  lychee  is  found  in  its 
most  varied  and  highly  cultivated  forms.  Its  culture  has  developed 
into  an  industry  and  whole  villages  give  themselves  over  almost 
entirely  to  its  propagation,  cultivation  and  drying.  The  delta,  some- 
times called  the  delta  of  the  Pearl  river  is  a  sub-tropical  region.  It 
has  been  formed  by  the  deposits  of  the  North,  West  and  East  rivers, 
which  for  centuries  have  deposited  their  burdens  of  mud  and  silt  over 
this  area,  as  chey  break  into  numerous  creeks  and  canals  before  they 
finally  flow  out  into  the  South  China  sea.  When  these  rivers  are 
high,  and  the  ocean  tide  holds  back  their  waters,  the  whole  area  is 
subject  to  devastating  floods  which  the  lychee,  unlike  many  other 
trees,  very  successfully  resists.  The  fields  and  homes  of  the  delta 
are  protected  by  numerous  dykes  which  are  often  held  in  place  by 
extensive  plantations  of  the  lychee.  Both  outer  and  inner  dykes  are 
constructed  and  the  area  between,  termed  in  Cantonese  a  "  waai  " 
(iP))»  which  cannot  be  drained  except  when  the  tide  is  very  low,  is 
used  for  rice  (fig.  6),  water  chestnuts,  lotus  (fig.  7)  or  sagitaria  (fig. 
8^.  In  fallow  years  it  is  filled  with  water  and  stocked  with  young 
fish  (fig.  9)  which  increase  fertility  and  which  are  later  sold  at  a 
great  profit  if  floods  have  not  carried  them  away. 

The  outer  dykes  are  often  held  in  place  by  stone  reinforce- 
ment and  by  lychee  trees  (fig.  10),  the  roots  of  which  are  shallow 
feeders  and  help  to  bind  the  earth.  They  are  thus  able  to  withstand 
floods  of  great  force,  some  conception  of  which  can  be  gotten  by 
observing  the  ripples  in  the  water  (fig.  11).  The  waters  covered 
the  roots  of  these  trees  for  eight  days  with  no  serious  results  even 
though  they  were  in  fruit.  And  indeed  trees  seem  to  thrive  best 
when  the  roots  are  subjected  to  the  periodic  submerging  of  the  tide 
waters.  These  are  some  of  the  typical  conditions  under  which  the 
best  lychee  in  Kwangtung  are  grown  The  dykes  are  often  used  as 
promenades  for  which  the  trees  make  a  beautiful  setting  even  when 
old  and  neglected  (fig.  12).  Intercropping  is  often  practiced  on  the 
wider  dykes  through  the  center  of  which  is  a  path,  often  a  public- 
roadway.  In  the  illustration  lychee  trees  with  their  young  spring 
growth  of  twigs  are  seen  on  the  left  and  plum  trees,  in  blossom,  arc 
on  the  right  '  fig.  1/0- 


40 


Throughout  north  and  south  China  the  special  product  of  this 
Canton  delta  is  commonly  called  ''Ling  Nan"  lychee  (jatfti&^i). 
Ling  Nan  ($l$i)  is  a  range  of  mountains  extending  from  western 
China  through  Kweichow,  Hunan  and  Kwangsi,  along  the  northern 
borders  of  Kvvangtung  to  Fukien.  The  name  "  Ling  Nan  "  is  also 
applied  to  an  educational  institution,  the  Canton  Christain  College 
(Stl^A^),  which  has  appropriately  centered  its  attention  upon  the 
lychee.  Beautifully  situated  on  the  Pearl  river,  three  miles  south-east 
of  Canton  city,  the  college  farm  offers  ideal  conditions  for  experi- 
ments in  both  wet  and  dry  culture  of  the  lychee.  The  college  has 
acquired  river-bottom  land,  surrounded  by  dykes  upon  which  are 
growing  mature  trees  of  the  "Waai  chi"  '.%£&.)  variety.  When 
these  dykes  at  Ling  Nan  ($t$t)  are  in  fruit  they  present  an  interest- 
ing sight.  Students  gladly  purchase  the  fruit  by  the  tree  paying  hand- 
some prices  and  perch  in  the  branches  and  enjoy  a  luscious  repast 
(fig.  14). 

When  the  dykes  are  in  fruit  the  trees  must  be  protected  by 
crop  watchers,  who  both  day  and  night  remain  in  straw  sheds  con- 
structed close  to  the  trees  (fig.  15 ).  This  custom  is  followed 
throughout  the  delta  for  each  farmer  must  provide  his  own  crop 
protection,  and  lychee  fruits  are  the  favorite  prey  of  marauders.  Not 
all  the  fruit  of  the  college  is  sold  by  the  tree,  some  being  picked  and 
packed  into  characteristic  and  convenient  bamboo  baskets  used  by  the 
Cantonese  farmers  (fig.  16).  Each  student  makes  a  careful  study  of 
the  fruit  (fig.  17)  and  each  class  anxiously  looks  forward  to  its  lychee 
practicum  (fig.  18).  No  inducement  is  necessary  to  popularize  the 
"Ling  Nan  "  lychee  among  the  American  and  European  staff. 

Some  idea  of  the  districts  and  places  in  which  the  lychee  and 
lungan  are  produced,  especially  those  in  Kwangtung,  may  be  gained 
by  turning  to  the  Bibliography  of  Chinese  References  in  Appendix  I. 


PLATE  XI 


FIGURE  14. — Canton  Christian  College  Students  Picking  Lychee  along  the  Dykes. 


FIGURE  15. — Crop  Watcher  and  His  Thatched  Hut  along  the  Dykes. 


PLATE  XII 


FIGURE  16. — Baskets  of  Ling  Nan  Lychee  Ready  for  Market. 


FIGURE  17. — Fruiting  Clusters  of  Ling  Nan  Lychee. 


PLATE  XIV 


FIGURE  19. — A  Heavily  Fruiting  Limb  of  Lychee. 


FIGURE  20. — The  Lychee,  a  Heavy  Bearer. 


CHAPTER  VII 

SOME  IMPORTANT  L1X(J  NAN   LYCIIEE  CENTERS 


In  the  Ling  Nan  v$M)  region  there  are  many  places  famous 
for  lychee  and  lungan  production.  Interesting  customs  and  history 
are  in  many  cases  connected  with  the  lychee  and  lungan  industry  of 
these  places.  The  districts  of  Nan  Hai  (Nam  Hoi  r£tf&),  Pan  Yu 
(P'un  U  $-^3),  Tung  Kuan  (Tung  Kun  >fi^),  and  Tseng  Ch'ing 
(Tsang  Shiny:  &*$)  are  especially  noted  in  this  connection. 


[A  CHIH  WAN   (2£ifc$f)  :   CANTON'S  PUBLIC  FRUIT  PARK 

Fruit  parks  near  some  of  our  large  western  cities  might 
prove  profitable  or  philanthropic  investments  for  those  interested  in 
public  welfare.  The  city  of  Canton  has  such  an  open-air  resort, 
privately  managed  by  individual  landholders  as  a  commercial  proposi- 
tion. Li  Chih  Wan  (Lai  Chi  Wan  IfciJg),  ideally  located  in.  P'an 
T'ang  (P'un  T'ong  /'^;,  at  the  extreme  northwest  of  Canton  city, 
provides  an  ideal  pleasure  place  for  the  people  of  this  city,  especially 
for  those  of  Si  Kuan  (Sai  Kwan  ®pj),.  the  aristrocratic  western 
suburb.  P'an  T'ang  (P'un  T'ong  vt^)  is  low  and  abounds  in  quiet 
streams  which  are  particularly  adapted  to  boating.  Throughout  Li 
Chih  Wan  (  Lai  Chi  Wan  '%,'%$%}  the  banks  and  dykes  of  these  streams 
are  planted  with  lychee.  Owners  of  the  different  sections  vie  .with 
one  another  in  securing  trees  of  the  best  varieties  and  types.  Li  Chih 
Wan  (Lai  Chi  Wan  ^,^M]  is  a  favorite  rowing  park  and  when  these 
trees  are  in  fruit  it  is  visited  by  thousands  who  glide  up  and  down  the 
streams  in  little  boats,  purchasing  from  care-takers  the  fresh  fruits  of 
these  trees.  Sometimes  special  parties  will  procure  in  advance  the 
privilege  of  securing  all  the  fruit  of  one  tree  and  will  on  some  special 
occasion  repair  to  its  shade  for  a  family  picnic.  These  trees  are 
given  the  best  cultural  attention  possible,  resulting  in  some  magnificent 
specimens  (figures  19  and  20).  The  dykes  are  carefully  maintained 
and  the  trees,  when  in  fruit,  are  protected  from  the  ravages  of  birds 
by  meshed  wire  stretched  across  high  poles  which  have  been  placed 
about  the  trees  (figure  21  ).  Rustic  stone  steps  lead  from  the  streams 
to  the  paths  of  these  dykes  (figure  21).  Here  and  there  along  the 
banks  small  bamboo  structures  are  provided  during  the  fruiting  season 

47 


48  THK  LYCHKK   AND  LUNG  AN 


for  the  special  sale  of  the  fruits.  Within,  tables  are  provided  and  an 
attendant  is  quite  ready  and  able  to  tell  one  the  characteristic  merits 
of  each  variety  of  fruit.  The  fruit  is  sold  by  the  catty  (one  and 
one-third  pounds)  and  boat  loads  of  people  row  up  to  the  steps  of 
these  stands,  purchase  the  fruit  and  again  row  out  into  midstream  to 
enjoy  it. 

Under  these  unusual  conditions  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
fruit  produced  in  this  region  brings  high  prices  because  of  the  demand 
which  has  been  so  uniquely  created.  1  he  wealthier  classes  of 
Canton,  many  of  whom  live  in  close  proximity  to  Li  Chih  Wan 
(Lai  Chi  Wan  IKiiH),  invest  liberally  in  this  project  as  it  brings  them 
good  returns  and  at  the  same  time  provides  considerable  pleasure. 

C  H  I  A    '  1"  A  N  G    S'/<     (  £i$  i  i]     I     A  N     KxT  E  N  S  I  v  E     I  A  C  H  F  J  . 

PRODUCING    REGION 

Canton  city  falls  within  two  districts.  The  western  part  is 
located  in  Nan  Hai  (Nam  Hoi  fgffc)  and  the  eastern  part  in  Pan  Yu 
(Pun  U  *R).  Li  Chih  Wan  (Lai  Chi  Wan  ££#  )  to  the  north- 
west is  in  Nan  Hai  (Nam  Hoi  ffl$).  But  to  the  southeast  in  the 
district  of  Pan  Yu  (P'un  U  &&  )  is  a  region  far  more  extensive  in 
its  production  than  Li  Chih  Wan  (Lai  Chi  Wan 


Canton  city  is  located  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Pearl 
river.  Opposite  the  city,  and  extending  southeastward  is  the  island 
of  Honan  (Honam  Mj^),  dividing  the  Pearl  river  into  what  are 
known  as  the  upper  and  the  lower  reaches.  Along  the  northern 
face  of  this  island  is  a  low  ridge  of  hills,  upon  several  of  which  the 
Canton  Christian  College  (|iifi;fcSM£)  is  situated.  The  southern 
and  southeastern  sections  of  Honan  island  are  extremely  low  and 
well  watered  and  are  protected  from  the  northern  winds  by  this  low 
ridge  of  hills.  The  whole  situation  is  specially  favored  for  lychee 
culture  of  the  water  type.  The  region  has  been  skillfully  dyked  and 
the  rich,  delta  soil  has  been  raised  up  in  beds  which  are  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  wide  and  with  ditches  or  canals  ten  to  fifteen  feet  wide, 
and  five  or  ten  feet  deep,  intervening.  These  beds  are  then  planted 
in  fruit:  lychee,  pummelo,  oranges,  carambola,  guava  and  other 
fruits.  A  view  of  these  wonderful  orchards,  taken  from  the  foot- 
hills to  the  north,  is  indeed  impressive;  especially  in  the  spring  when 
the  odor  of  the  citrus  blossoms  is  wafted  across  on  the  southern 
breezes.  But  when  one  tries  to  enter  these  orchards  he  finds  them 


So.MK   IMPORTANT  LlXCi   XAX   LYCIIHK  CKNTKKS  49 


almost  impenetrable  because  of  the  labyrinrh  of  canals  and  ditches 
formed  by  the  raising  up  of  the  beds  of  earth  upon  which  the  fruit  is 
grown. 

This  region,  including  the  whole  island  of  Honan  is  known 
as  Chiao  T'angSz  (Kau  T'ong  Sz  %'-$fnJ)  which  is  one  of  the  main 
divisions  of  Pan  Yu  (  P'un  U  3fr$)  district.  The  orchard  practices  of 
this  section  provide  fascinating  studies  and  the  fruit  industry  therein 
found  has  given  renown  to  such  places  as  Lun  T'ou  (Lun  T'au 
M),  Tu  Hua  (T'o  Wa  .1:^),  Pei  Shan  (PakShan  4hUj),  Li 
Chiao  (Lik  Kau  $|j^)  and  Shang  Yung  (Sheung  Ch'ung  _rJ$). 
Most  of  the  inhabitants  of  these  places  are  farmers  who  are  well 
acquainted  with  this  particular  type  of  "water  farming."  They 
deserve  great  credit  for  the  success  they  attain  under  such  peculiar 
orchard  conditions.  There  are  about  twenty  varieties  of  the  lych.ee 
grown  in  this  region  and  very  little  grafting  is  practiced,  almost  all  of 
the  trees  being  propagated  by  the  method  known  as  "Chinese  air- 
layering.' 

Lo  KANTG  TUNG   (HlftrM)  :   A  MOUNTAINOUS  LYCHEE  COUNTRY 


In  striking  comparison  to  the  low,  dyked  land  of  Chiao 
T'ang  Sz  (Kau  T'ong  Sz  ^^n]),  so  famous  for  its  lychee  orchards 
planted  on  raised  beds  of  rich,  delta  soil,  are  the  terraced  hills  and 
mountains  of  Lo  Kang  Tung  (  Lo  Kong  Tung  ^flStfjsj)  .  Here  is  to  be 
found  another  interesting  type  of  fruit  culture  very  different  from  that 
of  the  low,  delta  regions  and  proving  clearly  the  ability  of  the 
Chinese  peasant  to  adapt  his  culture  to  whatever  his  conditions  are. 


Lo  Kang  Tung  (Lo  Kong  Tung  ^l&SJftjl)  also  in  Pan  Yu 
(P'un  U  Hl/^)  district,  but  in  the  division  known  as  Lu  Pu  Sz  (Luk 
Po  Sz  $Li£wJ),  is  northeast  of  Canton  city  and  is  easily  accessible. 
The  region  known  under  this  name  comprises  thirty-six  villages  the 
surname  of  all  of  the  inhabitants  of  which  is  Chung  (it).  The 
region  is^vell  favored  in  that  it  is  high  and  well  drained  and  has  a 
southeastern  exposure,  a  high  range  of  hills  protecting  it  on  the  north. 
This  country  is  visited  yearly  by  hundreds  of  people  from  Canton  city, 
especially  in  December  when  apricot  and  plum  are  in  flower.  The 
sight  of  these  trees  rivals  that  of  cherry  blossom  season  in  Japan. 
Lo  Kang  (Lo  Kong  Mffi)  is  readily  reached  by  rail  from  Canton  by 
disembarking  at  Nan  Kang  (Nam  Kong  ife'ffil),  the  fifth  station  east  of 
Canton  on  the  Canton  Kowloon  Railway.  From  this  station  there  is 
a  crude  narrow-gauge  branch  line  running  northward.  Over  this  one 


SU  THK  LVCHKt;  AND  LUMiAN 


enjoys  a  thrilling  ride  to  Lo  Kang  Hsu  (Lo  Kong  Hu  ^|^4|',  a 
market  town  and  center  of  the  whole  region.  Several  miles  beyond 
this  in  the  hills  is  a  temple  known  as  Lo  Feng  Ssu  (  Lo  Fung  Ts/, 
]H3Hr)  in  which  a  traveller  can  readily  find  accomodation  for  the 
night  or  for  days  if  he  so  desires  and  has  made  provision  for  his  own 
food  and  bedding. 


Lo  Kang  Tung  (Lo  Kong  Tung  HfiTO)  is  noted  for  its  fruit 
production,  especially  the  lychee  and  lungan,  mei  fmui  #£)  — 
Primus  miun<  S  &  Z,  Wulan  (U  lam  fe$H)  —  Canarium  pimcla 
Koen,  Pai  Ian  (Pak  lam  &$;)  —  Canarium  album  (Lour.) 
Raench,  Feng  li  (Fung  lut  JS$I)  —  Castanopsis  molUssima  Bl.  and 
Shih  (Tsz  31]])  —  Diospyros  kaki  L.  These  fruits  are  sometimes 
planted  in  orchards  at  the  foot  of  the  hills,  but  most  of  the  hills 
and  mountains  have  been  terraced  by  this  industrious  people  and  thus 
are  made  useful  for  fruit  growing.  The  level  beds,  fifteen  to  twenty 
feet  wide,  follow  the  line  of  the  hills  and  each  step,  perpendicular  to 
the  bed,  is  four  to  six  feet  high  (figure  22).  On  these  beds  the 
fruit  trees  are  planted  with  exceedingly  good  results  but  with  little 
uniformity  of  kind  of  fruit  or  of  distance  between  the  trees.  In  the 
lychee  season  the  sight  is  magnificent  and  as  described  by  the  Chinese 
is  "like  a  red  cloud.  "  Lo  Kang  (Lo  Kong  H(S5)  is  especially  famous 
for  its  production  of  No  mi  chih  (No  mai  t'sz  fgf^Mg)  and  Kuei  wei 
(Kwai  mi  $£u£)  varieties,  although  the  village  of  Shui  Si  Ts'un  (Shui 
SaiTs'un^MI^)  is  especially  noted  for  Ya  niang  hsieh-(A  neung  hai 
35.Wi)  and  Chiang  chun  15  (Tseungkwan  lai  JIW&).  In  this  whole 
section  the  success  of  the  lychee  industry  is  doubtless  due  to  a 
method  of  propagation  which,  the  people  have  discovered,  brings 
excellent  results  and  which  is  not  practiced  so  extensively  at  other 
places.  The  Shan  chih  (Shan  chi  flift)  or  mountain  variety  is  used 
for  stock  and  after  the  trees  have  attained  a  trunk  diameter  of  four  to 
eight  inches  and  are  firmly  established  they  are  cleft  grafted  to  the 
better  varieties.  The  people  of  this  whole  country  are  well  acquaint- 
ed with  lychee  and  lungan  culture  and  many  of  the  dried  lychee  and 
lungan  for  export  are  produced  here.  ^ 


TSENG  CH'ING  (*t$):   THE  HOME  OF  A  LYCHEE  OF 
NATIONAL  FAME 

Over  the  ridge  of  hills  on  the  north  of  Lo  Kang  (  Lo  Kong  HfifiJ  ) 
is  the  district  of  Tseng  Ch'  ing  (Tsang  Shingifi^),  famous,  too,  for  its 
lychee  production  ;  especially  so  because  it  is  the  home  of  the  renown- 
ed Kua  lu  (Kwa  luk  ^,W<)  or  "Hanging  green  "  lychee.  This 


PLATE  XV 


FIGURE  21. — The  Lychee  Protected  from  Bats  by  Wire  Netting. 


FIGURE  22. — Terraced  Hillsides  of  Lo  Kang  Planted  to  Lychee  and  Canarium. 


PLATE  XVI 


FIGURE  23. — Stockade  Surrounding  Famous  Kua  lu  (Hanging-green)  Lychee. 


FIGURE  24. — Bamboo  Fence  and  Net  Provide  the  Kua  lu  (Hanging-green)  Lychee 
with  Additional  Protection. 


SOMK   IMPORTANT  LINC   XAX   LYCHKK  CFATKKS  $1 


lychee  country  is  more  readily  accessible  by  proceeding  to  Shik 
t'an  (Shek  ran  tf%£)  on  the  Canton  Kowloon  Railway  and  from 
there  proceeding  up  the  Tsang  river  to  the  city  of  Tseng  Ch'ing 
Hsien 


Arriving  at  this  city  one  will  have  little  trouble  to  locate  the 
famous  lychee  tree.  Outside  of  the  west  gate  of  the  city,  near  a 
small  garden  and  a  temple,  there  will  be  found  a  small  group  of 
lychee  trees.  Here  will  be  found  the  original  and  famous  Kua  hi 
(Kwa  luk  J£)4£)  tree,  of  which  it  is  said  there  has  never  been  another 
like  it.  In  this  garden  there  are  only  fifteen  lychee  trees.  Fourteen 
of  them  are  Huai  chih  (Wai  chi  ?(!$&)  and  the  fifteenth  is  the  Kua  lu 
(Kwa  luk 


It  is  not  strange  that  this  famous  lychee  tree  is  very  carefully 
guarded  for  in  the  year  that  we  visited  it  the  fruit  of  the  tree  was 
selling  at  twenty-four  dollars  per  catty  (one  and  one-third  pounds). 
The  tree  was  protected  by  two  fences  and  a  net  (figures  23  and  24  ). 
First  there  was  a  large  enclosure  of  heavy  poles  (figure  23  )  ;  then  an 
inner  enclosure  of  bamboo  fencing  and  finally  the  net  thrown  over 
the  tree  (figure  24).  These  precautions  are  necessary  not  only  to 
keep  thieves  away  but  to  prevent  people  from  propagating  from  the 
tree.  This  tree  is  said  to  produce  fruit  noted  for  its  wonderful  taste 
and  fragrance.  But  fruit  produced  from  layers  taken  from  this  tree 
and  growing  in  the  same  district  is  said  to  be  of  very  inferior  quality 
when  compared  to  the  fruit  of  this  tree.  The  Chinese  in  the 
vicinity  attribute  this  fact  to  the  peculiar  soil  conditions  surrounding 
this  tree  which  they  think  cannot  be  duplicated  elsewhere,  even 
within  a  distance  of  a  few  yards.  The  tree  is  said  to  be  several 
thousand  years  old  and  its  present  growth  shows  evidences  of  new 
growths  which  have  shot  out  from  the  old  trunk.  Its  shape  is 
described  by  the  Chinese  as  one  side  like  the  "dragon's  head  "  and 
the  other  side  as  resembling  a  "  peacock's  tail."  Before  the  in- 
auguration of  the  Republic  of  China  the  fruit  of  this  tree  was  either 
sent  to  the  Emperor  or  found  its  way  into  the  hands  of  officials.  In 
those  days  many  so-called  Kua  lu  (  Kwa  luk  4$,$)  fruits  were  exhibited 
as  curiosities  but  most  of  them  were  deceptions.  In  modern  times 
the  Chinese  pay  less  attention  to  these  rare  curiosities  of  China's 
past. 


This  district  of  Tseng  Ch'ing  (  Tsang  Shing  *||$p  comprises 
a  beautifully  hilly  country  nestling  close  to  the  famous  Lo  Fou  (Lo 
Fan  I^T^ili)  mountain.  Lungan  and  lychee  thrive  especially  well 


52  THE  LYOHliE  AND  LUNGAN 


in  this  section  and  many  magnificent  trees  of  both  can  be  seen. 
Many  varieties  of  both  fruits  are  reported  from  this  section  and  there 
are  some  other  special  varieties  selling  at  fabulous  prices. 

FANG  YUNG   (MSflp  :   A  LYCHEE  NURSERY  VILLAGE 


The  lychee  industry  is  so  extensive  in  Kwangtung  as  not  only 
to  warrant  the  acquisition  of  special  tracts  of  land  for  its  culture  and 
sale,  but  likewise  for  its  propagation.  Tseng  Ch'ing  (Tsang  Shing 
ift*$)  and  Tung  Kuan  (Tung  Kun  tf*^§)  are  perhaps  the  two  most 
famous  Ling  Nan  lychee  districts.  In  the  heart  of  the  latter  is  the, 
village  of  Fang  Yung  (Fung  Chung  IB  $8.',  quite  widely  noted 
throughout  the  Canton  region  for  two  great  achievements:  the 
production  of  lychee  nursery  stock  and  the  proud  possessor  of  a 
citizen  who,  under  the  old  order,  secured  the  T'an  Hua  ($!?£)  or 
third  scholarship  degree  from  Peking.  When  I  first  met  Fang 
Yung's  (Fung  Chung's  JjfflU  )  energetic  lychee  promoter  and 
nurseryman  he  eagerly  told  me  of  their  wonderful  trees  and  of  the 
fact  that  he  is  a  relative  of  Kwangtung  "s  famous  scholar  and 
official. 


Sin  T'ang  (San  T'ong  $r$r)  a  city  of  20,000  inhabitants  and 
a  large  center  for  lychee  and  lungan  trade,  is  on  the  Canton-Kowloon 
Railway  only  about  twenty-one  miles  east  of  Canton  city.  Sin 
T'ang  (San  T'ong  3^|)  exports  large  quantities  of  these  fruits  to 
Singapore  and  abroad.  The  railway  station  is  quite  a  distance  from 
the  city  which  is  located  on  the  north  bank  of  the  East  river. 
As  one  walks  from  the  railway  to  the  city,  over  the  intervening  hill 
land,  he  cannot  help  but  notice  lychee  and  lungan  trees,  interspersed 
with  bamboo  and  the  canarium  trees  for  which  the  region  is  also 
especially  adapted  The  lychee  is  well  adapted  to  undrained  regions, 
but  that  it  also  thrives  on  the  hills  is  quickly  evident  when  one  views 
some  of  the  beautiful  orchards  of  this  region  (figure  25)  which  in 
general  appearance  are  not  unlike  apple  orchards  of  western 
countries. 

Tseng  Ch'ing  (Tsang  Shing  *tJ$)  lies  to  the  north  of  the 
East  river  while  Tung  Kuan  (Tung  Kun  jfC^j)  district  is  to  the 
south.  This  district  is  low  and  has  scores  of  canals  leading  inland, 
watering  vast  fields  of  rice  and  sugar  cane.  The  land  in  this 
region  is  worth  two  to  three  hundred  dollars  gold  an  acre  and 
lychee  groves  are  seen  everywhere  proving  how  profitable  the  crop 
must  be. 


PLATE  XVIII 


FIGURE  26. — Fang  Yung  Lychee  Nurseries  with  Mango  Windbreak. 


FIGURE  27. — Fang  Yung  Lychee  Orchard  of  Named  Varieties  for  Propagation. 


SOME  IMPORTANT  LlN(i   XAX  LYCIIEE  CENTERS 


Fany;  Yung  (Fung  Chung  Jgtfi)  is  in  the  heart  of  this  Tuny: 
Kuan  (Tung  Kim  4i^)  region,  only  three  and  one-half  miles  distant 
from  Sin  T'ang  (,San  'Pong  $ft$).  For  generations  the  people  of 
this  village  have  been  in  the  business  of  lychee  and  lungan  propaga- 
tion and  the  nurseries  are  but  a  stone's  throw  from  the  village. 
Carefully  protected  on  the  north  by  the  houses  of  the  village,  and  by 
a  magnificent  mungo  hedge,  this  nursery  (figure  26)  provides  a 
living  for  scores  of  families  living  in  the  village.  The  question  of 
parent  trees  is  not  neglected  and  the  village  prides  itself  on  its  rare 
collection  of  costly  varieties  (figure  27),  from  which  it  propagates 
by  layering.  Radiating  in  all  directions  from  this  village  are  paths 
leading  no  great  distance  to  groups  of  various  varieties.  Flere  we 
find  a  group  of  No  mi  chih  (No  mai  ts'z  Jfijf^MS)  trees;  in  another 
direction  is  a  pair  of  Ta  tsao  (Tai  tso  ifcjt)  trees  (figure  28)  ;  while 
still  in  another  direction  is  a  magnificent  old  specimen  of  Hsi  chio 
tsu  (Sai  kok  tsz  J^^),  the  trunk  of  which  is  at  least  ten  feet  in 
circumference  and  beautifully  covered  with  lichens  and  vines.  A 
life-long  friend  of  this  old  tree  is  seen,  in  winter  garb,  seated  at  the 
base  of  this  tree  (figure  29).  Several  days  may  be  spent  to  advantage 
at  this  spot,  inspecting  the  best  trees  and  inquiring  with  regard  to 
nursery  and  cultural  methods,  and  in  the  study  of  varieties  represented 
in  this  village.  The  simplicity  and  hospitality  of  the  country  folk  is 
inspiring  and  makes  one  forget  the  immediate  surroundings  of  an 
unsanitary  Chinese  village.  But  these  people  spend  most  of  their 
time  in  the  open  country,  which  in  beauty  rivals  that  of  our  own  land. 


CHAPTER  VII] 

THE  CLLNf  ATE  BKST  ADAPTED  TO  THE 
LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


A  study  of  the  range  of  these  fruits  indicate  that  they  are 
decidedly  sub-tropical,  thriving  best  in  regions  not  subject  to  heavy 
frost  but  cool  and  dry  enough  in  the  winter  months  to  provide  a 
period  of  rest.  In  China  and  India  they  are  grown  between  15  and 
30  degrees  north  latitude. 

The  Canton  delta,  in  which  these  fruits  are  indigenous,  is 
crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  is  a  sub-tropical  area  of  con- 
siderable range  in  climate.  Great  fluctuations  of  temperature  are 
common  throughout  the  fall  and  winter  months.  In  the  winter 
sudden  rises  of  temperature  will  at  times  cause  the  lychee  and  lungan 
to  flush  forth  their  beautifully  colored  orange  and  garnet  brown  new 
growth.  This  new  growth  is  seldom  subject  to  a  freeze  about 
Canton.  On  the  higher  elevations  of  the  mountainous  regions 
which  are  subject  to  frost  the  lychee  is  seldom  grown.  The  lungan 
appears  in  these  regions  more  often  but  it,  too,  cannot  stand  heavy 
frosts.  The  more  hardy,  mountainous  types  of  the  lychee  are  very 
sour  and  those  grown  near  salt  sea  water  are  said  to  be  likewise. 
The  lychee  thrives  best  on  the  lower  plains  where  the  summer 
months  are  hot  and  wet  and  the  winter  months  are  dry  and  cool. 
The  lungan  thrives  on  higher  ground  than  the  lychee  and  endures 
more  frost. 

Some  idea  of  the  weather  conditions  in  the  vicinity  of  Canton, 
where  the  lychee  and  lungan  flourish,  is  made  possible  by  a  study  of 
the  records  of  the  Kwangtung  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  (JH)£ 
H^fclfti&tl).  These  records  are  quite  complete  from  1913-1919  and 
a  study  of  the  rainfall,  temperature  and  humidity  charts  for  this 
period  reveals  the  following: 


THE  CLIMATE  BEST  ADAPTED  TO  THE  LYCHEE 


55 


AVERAGE  CAN-TON  WEATHER  RECORDS  FOR  SEVEN 

YKARS  (1913-1919)  l 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 


Av.  Min.        Av.  Max. 


Temp. 
8.69  C. 
11.05 
13.94 
17.99 
21.74 
24.53 
25.12 
25.18 
23.62 
20.13 
15.17 
10.78 


Temp. 

19.08  C. 

19.04 

20.64 

25.75 

28.94 

31.16 

32.58 

32.73 

31.85 

29.69 

24.27    - 

20.29 


Humidity      Rainfall 


69.54 
78.30 
81.13 
82.20 
81.42 
83.58 
80.67 
80.3J 
77.62 
73.27 
71.70 
70.62 


14.90  mm. 

57.94 

75.97 
146.68 
253.60 
263.26 
231.26 
258.54 
148.40 

38.47 

58.86 

33.92 


Total       1581.80    mm. 


62.3    inches 

A  close  analytical  study  of  the  records  of  the  Kwangtung 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  seven  year  period  shows  that 
the  average  lowest  monthly  temperature  for  the  period,  in  January, 
1918,  was  5.43  C.  (41.8  F. ).  The  average  highest  monthly 
temperature,  in  August,  1916,  was  34.2  C.  (93.6  F.  ).  The  lychee 
and  lungan  flower  in  March  and  April  when  the  highest  monthly 
temperature  averaged  20.64  C.  (69.2  F.  )  and  25.75  C.  (78.3  F.  ) 
respectively;  and  the  lowest  13.94  C.  (57.1  F. )  for  March  and 
17.99  C.  (64.4  F. )  for  April.  The  average  rainfall  during  these 
months  was  75.97  m.m.  (3  in. )  for  March  and  146.68  m.m.  (5.77 
in. )  for  April.  March  and  April  are  months  of  dark,  cloudy  days 
with  comparatively  little  sunshine  and  high  average  humidity.  Dur- 
ing these  months  the  cold,  north  and  north-east  winds  of  winter  have 
changed  to  the  warm  and  balmy  east  and  south-east  winds  of  spring. 
The  Chinese  orchardist  is  quick  to  recognize  the  ill  effects  to  his 
trees  in  flower  of  a*  day  or  two  of  cold  rains  when  the  wind  veers  to 

1  Acknowledgement   is   due    Director   Huang  Tsun  Keng  (Wong  Tsun 
Kaner  ti|i|f$£)  of  the  Kwangtung  Agricultural   Experiment   Station 
*or  access  to  data  from  which  the  above  was  compiled. 


56  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


the  north  and  ths  driving  sheets  of  rain  blast  the  opening  flower  bucis. 
The  fruits  of  the  lychee  and  lungan  form  and  develop  very  quickly 
during  a  most  intense  growing  period  from  May  to  August.  The 
country  at  this  time  is  undergoing  its  heaviest  rainfall  and  the  humidity 
is  high.  Tne  highest  average  monthly  rainfall  record  for  this  period 
was  in  August,  1918,  when  564.7  rnm.  (22.23  in.)  fell;  the  lowest 
was  in  April,  1913,  and  amounted  to  85.8  mm.  (3.37  in.  ).  The 
average  yearly  rainfall  for  the  seven  year  period  was  .1581.80  m.m. 
or  62.3  inches.  Frosts  are  very  light  within  the  delta  but  during*  the 
summer  months  the  region  is  subject  to  severe  typhoons  and  floods. 

Considerable  work  is  still  to  be  done  in  the  study  of  the  frost 
resistance  of  this  tree  and  in  the  acquisition  of  varieties  especially 
adapted  to  cooler  climates.  Hsu  Po  (££•)$))  l  in  his  work  on  the 
lychee,  says,  "They  are  only  suitable  for  hot,  low  countries  and 
greatly  fear  altitude  and  cold,  but  when  care  is  bestowed  they  can  be 
protected."  Ts'ai  Hsiang  (HH)  2  reports:  'Three  marches  to 
the  west  of  Fuchow  there  is  a  locality  called  Shui  Wai,  where 
the  climate  is  a  little  colder  and  where  the  lychee  cannot  be  planted.  " 
The  Superintendent  of  the  Government  Botanical  Gardens  at 
Saharanpur,  India,  ?  latitude  28  degrees  north,  has  known  the  lychee 
to  endure  a  freeze  of  21  'degrees  with  the  loss  of  only  a  few  leaves. 
He  says  that  the  lychee  is  hardier  than  the  mango  but  has  grave 
doubts  of  any  variety  that  will  stand  snowfall.  He  reports  that 
Dehra  Dun  is  very  little  cooler  than  Saharanpur,  yet  there  is  a 
difference  in  the  fruit.  The  fruits  from  the  Dehra  Dun  trees  are 
more  acid.  This  statement  with  regard  to  the  inability  of  the  lychee 
to  withstand  snowfall  is  corroborated  by  Sung  Chia  (>&3E)  4  when  he 
reports  a  snow  fall  of  several  inches  at  a  place  called  Cheung  Lok 


1  HSU   PO    (t&UV  Li   Chih    P'u    (^3df)  in   Ku   Chin   Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng  W44HHI3U  P°  WH  Hui  Pien  (ft&gfg),  Ts'ao  Muh 
section  274  (J&-W-b-HW);  U  Chih  Pu  2  (3fc3t«H),  page  4 


2  TS'AI  HSIANG  (M«),  Li   Chih   P'u   (^*|£)   in   Ku   Chin  Tu  Shu 
Chi   ChenK    f^MHHfeft),    Po   Wu   Hui   Pien  (tf&^IS),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
section    273    tfff-tf-b-t-Hfc),    Li   Chih   Pu  1  (££«-),  page  4 


?  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,   United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  Correspondence,  Reports,  etc. 


4  SUNG  CHIA  (&JE6),  Li  Chih  P'u  (^3d&)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng  (-ft+mMM),  Po  Wu  Hui  Pien  (ff&IW),  TSao  Muh  Tien 
(£**),  section  273  (mHW-fc+H^),  Li  Chih  Pu  1  (££&-),  page  10 

S-t-m 


THE  CLIMATE  BEST  ADAPTED/IO  THE  LYCHEE  57 


"when  the  mountains  became  white  and  the  natives  were  greatly 
surprised.  He  says,  "That  year  all  the  lychee  trees  died  off  but 
after  several  years  sprouted  out  again. 

Air.  George  Campbell  L  of  Ka  Ying  (H  m  Wl),  Kwangtung, 
China  in  January,  1913,  reported,  "I  have  been  in  Ka  Ying  for 
25  years  and  18  years  ago  I  can  remember  a  cold  snap  when  the 
thermometer  went  to  24  degrees.  The  lungan  trees  were  killed  and 
for  years  afterwards  we  got  very  few  lungans.  The  lichee  trees  were 
also  killed  though  some  of  them  sprouted  out  again  and  are  now 
bearing.  This  month  we  had  a  severe  frost,  the  worst  since  '93,  and 
these  trees  and  their  cousins  were  hard  hit."  More  than  20  years 
ago  Theodore  L.  Meade  of  Oviedo,  Fla. ,  reported  that  the  tree 
grows  well  there  but  suffers  much  from  frost.  In  the  winter  of 
1888-89  a  temperature  of  27  degrees  cut  his-tree  back  but  little,  while 
21  degrees  killed  it  to  the  ground  in  1890.  Mr.  Reasoner  of  the 
Royal-Palm  nurseries,  Oneco,  Florida,  reported  March  11,  1916, 
"iVly  little  lichee  trees  were  untouched  by  these  freezes.  A  week 
ago  we  had  29  degrees  and  yesterday  30  with  a  very  hard  frost 
indeed.  I  just  saw  them  and  they  are  O.K.  '?  In  a  letter  to  the 
writer,  after  the  severe  freeze  of  February,  1917,  Mr.  Reasoner' s 
conclusions  were,  "There  is  no  doubt  but  that  these  trees  are  much 
more  hardy  than  mango  trees,  but  not  so  hardy  as  lemon  trees. 
The  leaves  cannot  stand  very  severe  freezing." 

In  conclusion  it  is  safe  to  assume  from  the  records  at  hand 
that  the  lychee  will  prove  most  profitable  when  grown  at  low 
altitudes,  in  sub-tropical  regions  not  subject  to  temperatures  much 
below  30  degrees  Fahrenheit.  If  the  tree  is  kept  dormant  and 
somewhat  protected  in  the  winter  it  can  possibly  endure  slight 
frosts.  Doubtless  lychee  trees  could  be  protected  from  cold  much 
as  orange  and  lemon  trees  are  in  Florida  and  California.  The 
lungan  will  endure  more  cold  than  the  lychee  but  thrives  best  under 
conditions  favorable  to  the  lychee. 

1  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and   Plant  Introduction,  United  States   Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  Correspondence,  Reports,  etc. 


CHAPTER  IX 

SOILS  ADAPTED  TO  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 

AND 
C  U  LT  U  R  A  L  M  ETH  O  D  S 

The  Chinese  believe  that  the  type  of  fruit  produced  depends  as 
much  upon  the  care  of  the  tree  as  upon  the  variety  or  climate.  A 
successful  lychee  grower  is  ever  on  the  alert  to  minister  to  every 
whim  of  the  plant's  desire.  In  Kwangtung,  lychee  orchards  are 
rarely  seen  exposed  to  strong,  north,  winter  winds.  A  low  situation 
to  the  south  of  a  hill  is  preferable  for  large  plantations. 

The  lungan  is  more  seldom  grown  under  orchard  conditions 
than  is  the  lychee.  There  is  not  so  large  a  demand  for  this  fruit 
and  the  trees  therefore  more  scattered  although  one  often  finds 
attractive  groups  of  lungan.  The  lungan  tree  endures  the  cold, 
north  winds  better  than  the  lychee  but  does  not  thrive  so  well  under 
water  culture.  But  trees  are  often  planted  along  the  banks  of  ponds 
where  roots  have  plenty  of  access  to  water  with  exceedingly  good 
results. 

Dyke  Plantings 

The  delta  of  the  Pearl  is  low  and  an  extensive  system  of 
dykes  holds  back  the  water  of  the  streams  from  the  rich  delta  lands. 
The  lychee  is  the  favorite  tree  for  these  dykes  and  a  considerable 
proportion  of  the  fruit  produced  in  Kwangtung  is  grown  on  these 
embankments.  But  lungan  are  rarely  seen  growing  on  these  dykes. 
Lychee  trees  planted  along  the  main  dykes  of  the  streams  are  more 
susceptible  to  the  cold,  wintery  winds;  and  when  the  dikes  are  built 
in  series,  the  second  and  third  are  always  considered  preferable  for 
the  lychee,  especially  when  the  situation  is  on  the  northern  side  of 
the  stream  (figure  6).  In  South  China  dyke  lychee  are  usually 
planted  20-25  feet  apart  and  a  low  spreading  head  is  developed  (fig- 
ure 9).  In  some  cases  intercropping  with  banana,  guava  or  even 
plum  (figure  13)  is  practiced  while  the  lychee  are  still  young. 

58 


PLATE  XIX 


FIGURE  28.— Pair  of  Ta  tsao— Large  crop— Lychee  Trees. 


•••^^••••^••••••••••^•••••••^•^••i 

FIGURE  29. — Fang  Yung  Nurseryman  Seated  under  Hsi  chio  tsu — Rhinoceros  horn 

— Lychee  Tree. 


PLATE  XX 


An  Acid  Peaty  Soil  Better  for  the  Lychee  Than  an  Ordinary  Fertile  Soil. 

(See  page  151  and  the  detailed  description  of  illustrations.) 

(One-fifth  natural  size.) 


PLATE  XXI 


***** 


? 


Healthy  Lychee  Root,  Grown  in  Acid  Soil,  Showing  the  Mycorhizal  Tubercles. 

(See  page  152  and  the  detailed  description  of  illustrations.) 

(Magnification  6  diameters.) 


PLATE  XXII 


:". 


FIGURE  a. 


FIGURE  b. 

Enlarged  Sections  of  Lychee  Root  Tubercles  Showing  the  Cells  Gorged  with  the 
Mycorhizal  Fungus.    Microphotographs  by  Dr.  Emil  G.  Arzberger. 

(See  page  152  and  the  detailed  description  of  illustrations.) 
(FIGURE  a,  magnification  iQ5  diameters;  FIGURE  6,  magnification  830  diameters.) 


PLATE  XXIII 


Mycorhizal  Fungi  in  the  Cells  of  Lychee  Root  Tubercles. 

Drawings  by  Dr.  Emil  G.  Arzberger. 

(See  page  1 52  and  the  detailed  description  of  illustrations.) 
(FIGURES  a,  b,  and  c,  magnification  775  diameters;  FIGURE  d,  500  diameters.) 


PLATE  XXIV 


FIGURE  30. — Raised-bed  Lychee  Plantation  Showing  Water-channel. 


FIGURE  31. — Low-lying  Delta  Lychee  Plantations  Showing  Well-constructed  Bridge 

across  Canal. 


S^ILS  ADAPTED  TO  THIS  LYCHKK  AND  LHXC AX  59 


Plantations 

The  raised-b€d  system  of  orchard  planting,  so  frequently 
employed  in  the  Canton  delta,  seems  especially  adapted  to  the  lychee 
and  a  very  large  acreage  of  lychee  is  thus  grown.  This  system  could 
doubtless  be  employed  to  advantage  in  some  of  the  swampy  areas  of 
the  United  States  which  now  lie  waste.  In  Kwangtung  wide,  open 
ditches,  at  a  distance  of  thirty  to  forty  feet  apart,  are  dug  through  land 
which  is  low  and  subject  co  flood  or  to  submersion  at  high  tide. 
These  ditches  are  ten  to  fifteen  wide,  when  the  excavated  earth  is 
thrown  up  on  the  other  side,  the  surface  of  the  beds  are  10-15  feet 
above  the  bottom  of  the  channel,  which  drains  out  freely  when  the 
tide  is  low.  The  lychee  trees  are  planted  more  or  less  irregularly 
along  either  side  of  these  beds  so  that  the  limbs  of  the  trees,  when 
mature,  stretch  across  these  channels  and  meet  in  the  center  (fig. 
.40).  Lychee  are  often  intercropped  with  guava  or  orange  where 
this  system  is  used.  The  conditions  secured  by  this  raised-bed  meth- 
od seem  ideal  for  lychee  culture  and  vast  areas  of  otherwise  useless 
land  are  thus  made  profitable.  When  one  looks  down  from  a  high 
vantage  point  over  an  area  such  as  this,  he  might  think  he  was  look- 
ing down  upon  a  vast  apple  orchard  (fig.  31),  but  let  him  try  to  enter 

and  he  soon  becomes  lost  in  the  net  work  of  beds  and  streams. 

• 

Upland  Lychce  Orchards 

Upland  lychee  orchards,  though  perhaps  not  so  common  in 
Kwangtun-j;  as  low-land,  are  nevertheless  common  is  hilly  countries 
like  Lo  Kang  (Lo  Kong  HfSSj)  and  Tseng  Ch'ing  (Tsang  Shing 
ift7$).  In  the  upland  culture  of  lychee  the  trees  are  sometimes  scat- 
tered irregularly  over  the  hills  and  intercropped  with  other  fruits;  but 
sometimes  they  are  planted  in  regular  orchard  formation  with  at  least 
thirty  feet  between  the  trees  and  with  very  little  tillage  after  they  be- 
come mature.  Orchards  of  lychee  thus  planted  are  not  unlike  apple 
orchards  in  general  appearance  (fig.  25). 

Artificial  irrigation  is  not  necessary  in  these  upland  groves  of 
Kwangtung  but  would  doubtless  prove  profitable  in  regions  with  less 
rainfall  and  humidity.  When  the  trees  are  grown  under  these  higher 
conditions  the  soil  is  usually  a  sandy  loam  with  clay  subsoil. 
The  abundant  rainfall  during  the  fruiting  season  provides  sufficient 
moisture  to  bring  the  tree  to  a  profitable  fruiting  condition.  But  in 
any  country  where  this  moisture  is  lacking  during  the  growing  season 
liberal  irrigation  should  be  practiced,  and  what  might  usually  be  con- 
sidered an  excess  water  supply  may  be  provided  with  profit. 


60  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


Soiis,  Preparation  and  Transplanting 

A  loam  is  most  desirable  for  the  lychee  and  the  so-called  river 
mud  of  the  Canton  delta  seems  to  meet  the  highest  soil  requirements. 
Mr.  Humphrey  G.  Carter,1  Economic  Botanist  at  Calcutta,  India, 
writes  that  the  Mozufferpore  lychee  is  the  best  in  India  and  that  the 
soil  there  is  moist,  sandy  and  mixed  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  rich 
clay.  He  considers  that  old  river  beds  make  excellent  lychee  gar- 
dens. 

In  Kwangtung  little  soil  preparation  is  made  for  the  tree  prior 
to  planting.  Where  the  soil  is  especially  hard,  small  pits  are  some- 
times dug  and  these  are  filled  with  specially  prepared  soil.  The 
farmers  rarely  grow  their  own  trees,  but  procure  layered  stock  from 
the  nurseries. 

The  planting  is  done  in  March  and  April  at  about  Ts'ing 
Ming  (^B^),  that  season  in  China  which  is  devoted  to>  the  worship 
of  graves.  At  this  time  the  soil  has  begun  to  warm  up  and  sufficient 
rainfall  is  assured  to  give  the  trees  a  good  start.  At  the  time  of 
transplanting  the  branches  are  not  trimmed  back  very  severely.  The 
Chinese  claim  that  unless  the  young  tree  has  sufficient  foliage  to  en- 
able it  to  benefit  from  the  morning  dews  it  will  get  a  poor  start. 
Tang  Tao  Hsieh  (ffiMWj),2  in  his  treatise  gives  explicit  instructions 
not  to  trim  off  the  leaves  at  the  time  of  transplanting.  After  planting, 
the  trunk  and  limbs  of  the  young  trees  are  often  wrapped  with  rice 
straw  to  prevent  excessive  evaporation  or  sun  scald  in  summer  and 
excessive  cold  in  winter. 


1  Carter,  Humphrey  G. ,  in  correspondence  with   Office  of  Foreign   Seed 
and  Plant  Introduction,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,    United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

2  TANG  TAO  HSIEH  (f$il$p,  Li  Chih  P'u  d^fff)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu 
Shu  Chi  Cheng  (-£^^^J&),  Po  WuHui  ft>»(tS^l$l),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 

section  274   (3$HW-trhTO),    Li  Chih    Pu  2  ^£SRH),    page  6 


X! 
X 

w 

S 

s 


PLATE  XXVI 


FIGURE  33.— Beds  of  Lychee  with  Holes  for  Night  Soil  Fertilizer. 


FIGURE  34. — Unloading  a  Night  Soil  Boat  for  Fertilizing  Lychee. 


SOILS  ADA1TKI)  TO  TIIK  LYCHKF.  AND  LUX'IAN 


/'V  rtilization 

The  Chinese  maintain  the  quality  of  the  fruit  is  very  largely 
dependent  upon  carefully  feeding  the  plants  and  this  is  wisely  done 
from  the  time  the  young  trees  begin  to  make  their  first  growth. 
Careful  yearly  nourishment  of  the  fruiting  wood  is  provided.  The 
tree  is  naturally  a  surface  feeder  (fig.  4)  and  when  grown  under 
raised-bed  and  dyke  conditions  this  characteristic  is  greatly  encourag- 
ed by  pouring  liquid  fertilizer,  usually  night  soil,  into  little  shallow 
holes  or  furrows  dug  about  the  tree  at  a  distance  not  greater  than  six 
or  eight  feet  from  the  trunk  (fig.  32).  This  is  usually  done  in 
early  spring  and  each  mature  tree  in  bearing  is  given  no  less  than 
five  hundred  pounds  of  this  very  concentrated  liquid  manure.  On 
narrow  dykes  it  is  poured  into  holes  dug  along  the  center  of  the 
dyke  so  as  to  assure  a  minimum  loss  from  seepage  (fig.  33). 

This  night  soil  is  transported  in  boats  built  for  the  purpose, 
which  enter  the  streams  and  canals  and  greatly  facilitate  the  work  of 
manuring  (fig.  34).  No  Cantonese  could  be  termed  a  farmer  unless 
able  to  shoulder  two  buckets  of  water  or  fertilizer,  one  swung  from 
either  end  of  a  bamboo  pole  which  balances  across  the  shoulder  as  he 
gracefully  trots  to  and  from  the  fields.  •  The  work  of  fertilizing  is 
facilitated  by  a  wooden  dipper  attached  to  one  end  of  this  bamboo 
pole  (fig.  34).  When  the  boats  reach  the  dykes  the  liquid  manure 
is  poured,  by  means  of  this  dipper,  into  wooden  buckets  provided 
for  the  purpose  (fig.  40)  and  carried  to  the  trees. 

Mulching 

The  lychee  should  profit  greatly  by  mulching,  though  the 
Chinese  do  not  seem  to  practice  it  to  any  great  extent.  But  they  are 
exceedingly  careful  in  the  wet  culture  of  the  tree  almost  every  year 
to  cover  any  exposed  roots  with  a  smear  of  canal  mud.  In  the 
colder  districts  they  often  bank  the  trunk  and  roots  with  this  mud, 
mixed  with  manure,  and  thus  both  protect  the  tree  in  the  winter 
and  prepare  for  the  coming  months  of  spring  when  plant  food  will 
be  necessary.  Tang  Tao  Hsieh  (fj^IBi)1  in  his  treatise  on  the 
lychee  reports  that  it  is  this  custom,  practiced  by  the  farmers  of 
Fang  Kang  (Fung  Kong  HUM]),  Fukien,  that  has  made  the  lychee  of 
that  place  the  most  superior. 


1  TANG  TAO  HSIEH   (fJJst^,),    Li  Chih  P'u  ($£&)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu 
Shu  Chi  Cheng  (tf^WMUft),  Po  WuHui  Pien  (t$4&gfg),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
section    21-1  (fczHT-fc-HW),    /->    '.'/////    /'//  2 


62  THK  LVCHKI-:  AM)    U'NGAN 


Thinniny,  I'r  tunny  <ni<l  Y'nld 

Thinning  is  seldom  practiced  on  the  lychee;  more  on  the 
lungan.  Some  pruning  is  done  by  the  Chinese  in  early  winter,  but 
it  is  customary  to  break  off  many  of  the  twigs  and  branches  at  the 
time  of  harvesting  the  fruit  and  this  is  recognized  as  a  form  of  prun- 
ing. Under  favorable  conditions  the  tree  is  a  heavy  bearer,  yielding 
on  rough  estimate  as  much  fruit  as  apple  trees  of  equal  si/.e.  Chi 
Han  (f$E^)'  in  his  Features  of  Plants  in  the  South  reports  that 
from  one  tree  as  many  as  one  hundred  "tan"  ^equivalent  to  about 
1000-1500  Ibs)  can  be  gathered. 

Picking  and  Protection 

The  fruit  adheres  very  tenaciously  to  the  tree  and  crude- 
knives  are  often  used  in  chopping  the  clusters  of  fruit,  with  twigs 
attached,  from  the  tree,  a  custom  which  as  shown  has  doubtless 
given  the  lychee  its  name.  Considerable  superstition  exists  with 
regard  to  the  picking  of  the  fruit.  One  belief  is  that  no  fruit  should 
be  removed  before  the  time  of  picking;  and  when  once  picking  has 
started  the  tree  should  be  picked  clean,  as  birds  and  insects  will  im- 
mediately attack  any  fruit  which  remains.  This  belief  doubtless 
serves  a  worthy  purpose  as  the  temptation  to  sample  the  fruit  is  great 
and  the  grower  always  has  a  good  reason  to  prevent  it.  At  Tseng 
Ch'ing  (Tsang  Shing  if^)  we  were  told  that  the  pickers  of  the  Kua 
lu  (Kwa  luk  $=!•$£)  were  always  required  to  sing  songs  while  picking 
to  guarantee  that  they  were  not  eating  any  of  the  fruit. 

Ts'ai  Hsiang  f$gm)2  refers  to  customs  connected  with  pick- 
ing the  lychee  in  these  words:  "When  the  ripening  season  comes 
all  fruits  should  be  picked  from  the  tree,  then  neither  insects  nor 
birds  will  dare  to  come  near.  If  the  fruit  is  only  partially  gathered 
from  the  tree,  it  will  become  infested  with  bats,  bees  and  grubs,  the 
latter  eating  into  the  tree.  In  order  to  drjve  off  these  pests  the 


1  CHI  HAN  (f|£),  Nan  fang  Ts'ao  Muh  Chuang  (\$Jj.±Mk}  in  A'// 
Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi  Cheng  fe^flfMUt).  Po  Wu  Hut  hen   (ttftglB),   Ts'av 
Muh  Tien  (J^TJC*-),  section  273  (H—W-fc-f-Sfc),  /-/'  Chili  Pit  1  (jftStSR— ), 
page  2  (%-m 

2  TS'AI  HSIANG    (HjgN,,    Li    Chili  P'u  r$3tfjf)  in  Ku  Chin  TH  A/"' 
Chi    Cheng   (W-HMiUft),    PoWuHuiPien   (ftftgiB),    TiaoMnh   Tien 

Action  273      z:&ir'3 /./  chih  PH  i  (3ti!M5  i>^-<-  4 


SOILS  APAITKD  To  T1IK  LVC11K10  AND  U'MiAN  <>.< 


orchardist  or  gardener  places  four  posts  around  the  tree  and  on  top 
of  these  he  builds  a  small  house.  During  the  night  someone  dwells 
in  this  place  in  order  to  startle  these  various  pests  when  they  come 
to  plunder  or  destroy  the  fruit.  Another  method  is  to  gather  some 
bamboo  reeds  which  are  from  five  to  seven  feet  long,  and  sway  them 
continually  back  and  forth.  This  latter  method  is  used  to  drive  off 
pests  like  the  bats. 

No  labor  difficulties  are  experienced  in  picking  the  fruit, 
though  in  Kwangtung  much  of  it  is  picked  during  the  harvest  of  the 
first  crop  of  rice  or  the  planting  of  the  second.  Hut  labor  is  as 
plentiful  in  China  as  it  is  scarce  in  the  West.  And  this  is  a  legiti- 
mate reason  why  the  Chinese  should  employ  so  many  intensive 
methods  of  Ivchee  culture. 


CHAPTER  X 

METHODS  OF  PROPAGATION 

In  the  Ling  Nan  region,  the  home  of  the  lychee,  trees  are 
rarely  produced  from  seed.  One  reason  for  this  is  that  the  seeds  of 
the  best  varieties  are  not  viable  and  those  that  are  require  8-12  years 
to  bring  the  trees  into  bearing;  whereas,  by  the  Chinese  method  of 
air  layering,  fruiting  trees  are  secured  in  from  3-6  years.  Moreover, 
trees  from  seed  are  said  not  to  "come  true  "  with  any  certainty. 
And  the  Chinese  consider  that  in  a  region  where  temperature  and 
humidity  so  greatly  faeiliate  layering  there  is  little  reason  to  depend 
upon  seedlings.  Then,  too,  seeds  of  the  lychee  are  very  short  lived 
and  cannot  be  kept  for  more  than  four  or  rive  days,  except  under 
very  moist  conditions. 

In  the  propagation  of  the  tree  in  other  lands,  however,  the 
seedling  method  may  be  advantageous,  especially  until  a  large  number 
of  trees  are  at  hand.  Air.  J.  E.  Higgins  in  his  bulletin  92  cites  some 
interesting  experiments  with  regard  to  the  use  of  seeds  in  propagation 
and  to  methods  for  their  shipment  ever  great  distances.  The  writer, 
following  the  instructions  of  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant 
Introduction  to  pack  seeds  in  damp  sphagnum  moss  mixed  with 
ground  charcoal,  senta  number  of  tin  tubesof  Huai  Chih  (Wai  Chi; 
and  Hei  yeh  (Hakip)  lychee  seeds  from  Canton  to  Washington. 
These  arrived  in  good  condition  and  a  number  of  seedlings  were 
grown  from  them.  The  Shan  Chih  (Shan  Chi)  or  mountain  lychee, 
and  these  two  varieties,  are  the  best  for  the  production  of  seedlings. 
No  difficulties  will  be  experienced  if  the  grower  remembers  how 
quickly  these  seeds  deteriorate,  follows  the  usual  methods,  partially 
shades  his  seedlings,  and  above  all  else  remembers  that  the  lychee  is 
a  water-loving  plant  which  can  endure  great  quantities  of  moisture 
both  in  the  air  and  in  the  soil. 

Chinese  Air-layering 

Most  of  the  lychee  trees  of  South  China  are  produced  by  a 
method  known  as  "  pok  chih"  (jgH$)>  a  process  of  layering  which 
the  modern  horticulturist  has  come  to  term  uhinf.sc  Air-layering. 
This  is  practically  the  same  as  the  "Gootee"  layering  of  India. 

64 


PLATE  XXVII 


FIGURE  35. — Unloading  Lychee  from  District  Passage  Boats  in  Canton  City. 


FIGURE  36. — Nursery  Beds  of  Chinese  Air-layered  Lychee  Trees. 


PLATE  XXVIII 


FIGURE  37.— Raising  Lychee  Nursery  Stock  with  Ball  of  Earth  Attached. 


FIGURE  38.— Boat-load  of  Lychee  Nursery  Stock. 


METHODS  (>K   PROPAGATION  65 


The  Cantonese  gardeners  are  excellent  manipulators  of  this  method 
and  a  great  majority  of  the  shrubs  and  trees  of  South  China,  including 
citrus  fruits,  are  thus  propagated.  Lychee  trees  and  limbs  from 
which  to  propagate  are  first  selected,  but  except  in  very  rare  cases, 
not  with  any  very  careful  observation  wirh  regard  to  limb  or  bud 
variation.  In  the  spring  about  the  time  the  trees  are  coming  into 
Mower  complete  rings  of  bark  are  girdled  from  branches,  preferably 
not  more  than  two  inches  in  diameter.  The  strip  of  bark  which  is 
removed  is  about  an  inch  in  width  and  a  callus  is  allowed  to  form  for 
a  day  or  two  before  the  earth  is  bound  about  the  new  layer.  A 
special  preparation  of  binding  mud  is  made  by  mixing  wet,  sticky, 
canal  or  pond  earth  with  chopped-up  straw  or  leaves;  and  little  balls 
of  this  are  bound  about  each  injured  branch. 

As  this  process  is  carried  on  in  the  season  of  dark,  cloudy 
days  and  considerable  rainfall,  little  further  attention  is  given  to  the 
tree.  If  dry,  sunny  weather  continues  for  any  period  the  little  balls 
of  earth  must  be  watered.  The  roots  begin  to  form  within  a  few 
weeks  and  the  new  layer  is  said  to  be  well  rooted  in  about  one  hun- 
dred days  when  it  is  removed  from  the  parent  tree  with  a  saw.  The" 
Chinese  say  that  the  layer  should  be  planted  out  before  th^  little  roots 
emerge  from  the  ball  of  earth  and  become  dried. 

After  removing  the  layers  from  the  parent  trees  they  are  set 
out  in  nursery  beds  of  specially  chosen  soil  which  inclines  to  a  heavy 
and  sticky  rather  than  to  a  light  character.  The  plants  are  set  our 
about  a  foot  apart  each  way  in  these  beds  (fig.  36  j  which  are  located 
with  reference  to  protection  from  cold,  wintery  winds.  Here  they 
remain  until  at  least  one  year  from  the  following  spring.  When  they 
are  raised  for  permanent  planting  (fig.  37),  a  ball  of  earth  at  least  a 
f.)Ot  in  diameter,  held  in  place  by  means  of  rice  straw,  remains  at- 
tached to  the  roots. 

This  nursery  business,  as  seen  for  example  at  the  village  of 
Fang  Yung  (Fung  Chung  ®f$ )  has  become  quite  an  industry  and 
the  business  methods  whereby  trie  industry  is  conducted  would  be  a 
fascinating. study.  For  example  we  have  been  told  that  many  of  the 
trees  produced  at  Fang  Yung  are  layered  from  trees  growing  in  Chiao 
T'ang  Sz  (Kau  T'ong  Sz  %•$??])  in  Pan  Yu  (P\m  U  &J£,j  district 
where  very  interesting  contracts  are  made  between  the  nurserymen 
and  the  growers  for  the  production  of  stock.  The  nurserymen  layer 
the  trees  in  the  groves  from  trees  which  they  may  select  and  pay  for 


66  THF,  LVCIinF.   AM)   Ll'NGAN 


them  by  weight  at  the  time  they  are  removed  from  the  trees.  The 
contract  calls  for  the  removal  of  all  layered  branches  whether  dead  or 
living  and  for  payment  of  same.  It  is  said  that  the  average  price 
paid  for  these  layered  branches  is  S2.50  Mexican  per  tan  (tarn  $5. 
or  133  Ibs. }  for. the  No  mi  chih  (m%&}  variety  and  $2.25  for  the 
Huai  chih  (*$!£)•  This  nursery  business  in  lychee  and  lungan 
nursery  stock  is  an  extensive  industry  and  one  often  sees  boat  loads 
of  lychee  nursery  stock  going  out  from  Fang  Yung  Fung  Chung  [ISJflP 
(fig.  18). 

Layered  lychee  trees  will  bear  in  a  few  years  after  they  have 
been  set  out  into  the  permanent  position,  but  they  are  not  in  their 
prime  until  from  20-40  years.  If  properly  cared  for,  they  may  re- 
main good  fruiting  trees  for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  Chinese 
history  is  full  of  records  of  large  old  profitable  trees  and  one  author, 
Ts'ai  Hsiang  (US),1  speaks  of  a  tree  three  hundred  years  old  which 
continued  to  prosper  in  leaves  and  fruit.  Sung  Chia  SKaO2  referred 
to  a  "big  tree  requiring  several  tens  of  men  to  get  around  it,  the 
trunk  of  which  is  empty  and  inside  of  which  four  or  five  men  can 
sit." 

About  Canton  thousands  of  these  layered  trees  are  also  plant- 
ed in  pots.  In  the  world  famous  gardens  at  Hua  ti  ( Fa  ti  $;ifi)  one 
will  find  well  established  trees  of  many  varieties  growing  in  shallow 
pots  (fig.  39).  These  can  be  purchased  at  prices  ranging  from  40 
cents  to  $1.50  gold.  The  Chinese  are  very  fond  of  using  potted  fruits 
as  ornamentals  and  Chinese  gardeners  do  not  fail  to  bring  young  potted 
lychee  into  bearing  (fig.  40)  for  this  purpose.  Lychee  trees  are 
often  thus  sent  north,  a  careful  calculation  being  made  so  as  to  have 
them  fruit  about  the  time  of  their  arrival. 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  (H^),    Li  Chih  P'u  (££!£)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu 
Chi  Cheng  (•jfi^MMUjfc),  P°   Wu  Hui  Pien   (1$4$?Hf@),    Ts'ao   Mllh    Tien 
section    273    (m^W't+H^),    /-/   Chih    Pit  1  (&*«-),  page  3 


2  SUNG  CHIA    (&&},    Li  Chih   P'u    (J^tff)   in   Ku   Chin  Tu   Shu 
Chi   Cheng   (W^BWIiJfc),    Po  Wu  Hui  Pien  (1$4&f||g),    Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
section  273   (»H  W-fe-hH*  )  ,    U  Chih    Pit  ]  (&£«-),  pa&e  9 


PLATE  XXIX 


FIGURE  39. — Potted  Lychee  in  the  Famous  Hua  Ti  Gardens,  Canton,  China. 


FIGURE  40. — Potted  Lychee  as  Ornamentals. 


MKTHODS  OF  I»K<  >1'A<  i  ATlON  67 


Tang  Tao  Hsieh  (f&atlfc)1  reports  this  method  of  "  pok 
chih  (JKtt)  also  in  use  in  Fukien  province.  He  says,  'The 
lichee  are  not  produced  from  seed.  Good  branches  are  selected, 
injured  and  wrapped  with  mud  until  white  root-like  hairs  begin  to 
grow  out  when  they  are  covered  with  another  layer  of  mud  and  later 
cutoff.  In  spring  they  send  out  new  leaves."  Mr.  Higgins  re- 
ports 92  modiHcations  of  the  Chinese  method  of  air-layering  which 
he  has  employed  in  Hawaii. 

I'roiHujalioH  by  Inarching 

Another  method  of  propagating  the  lychee,  and  employed 
especially  with  the  lungan,  is  the  inarch  method  know  by  the  Chinese 
under  the  name  ai  chih  (j£&).  The  small  seeded  No  mi  chih 
(f^Mv^J  variety  is  often  thus  propagated  and  high  headed  trees  (see 
end  of  bed,  fig.  36)  with  trunks  six  to  eight  feet,  are  often  grown  in 
this  way.  Good  strong  seedlings  usually  of  the  mountain  variety, 
Shan  chih  (Ulfe),  are  first  established,  often  in  pots.  These  plants 
are  raised  in  spring,  carried  to  the  scion  trees,  inarched,  and  held  in 
place  by  bamboo  framing  until  the  union  has  formed. 

With  regard  to  the  application  of  this  method,  Mr.  G.  W; 
Oliver,  expert  propagator  at  the  Washington  greenhouses,  in  a  re- 
port to  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,  dated 
September  1914,  says,  We  had  a  considerable  number  of  seedling 
litchi  plants  grown  from  seeds  secured  from  China  by  your  office. 
When  the  seedlings  were  in  three  inch  pots  they  were  used  in  in- 
arching to  small  branches  on  large  plants The  litchi  inarching 

work  is  exceedingly  easy  and  plants  could  be  raised  in  any  quantity 
provided  you  had  the  seedlings  and  named  varieties  to  work  with." 
In  1910  Mr.  Oliver  also  succeded  in  inarching  some  seedlings  of 
lungan  with  small  twigs  of  lychee  plants  which  had  been  secured  via 
Shanghai.  This  was  apparently  the  first  time  recorded  when  the 
lychee  was  put  on  stock  other  than  its  own.  In  his  report  Mr. 
Oliver  said,  '*  As  I  recollect  I  did  not  have  more  than  three  stocks 
of  the  longan  for  the  inarching  experiments  in  1910,  and  I  did  not 
regard  them  as  very  successful.  But  the  seedling  longans  were  large 


1  TANG  TAO  HSIEH  (gh'ill&),  Li  Chih  P'u  (&;£19)  in  Ku  Chin 
Tu  Shu  Chi  Cheng  (l£^I@f§ftJ&),  Po  Wu  Hui  Pien  (If^RSg),  Ts'ao 
Mnti  Tien  {'$;£!&),  section  2?~  (^UlT-trr-H^),  J.i  <7/////  Pu  2  l 
page  6  (tftx-TfC)- 


68  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


plants  in  six  inch  pots;  had  they  been  used  when  in  three  inch  pots 
the  results  might  have  been  more  successful,  therefore  no  reliable 
deductions  could  be  drawn  from  what  1  did  with  them.  " 

Grafting  and  Budding 

Chinese  recognize  the  art  of  grafting  and  on  the  lychee  com- 
monly employ  a  form  of  grafting  which  they  call  tsich  chili  (tsip  chi 
&&).  In  using  this  method  it  is  customary  to  use  the  mountain 
variety  "shan  chih  "  (Ulfj:  for  stock  and  after  the  seedling  is  three 
to  six  years  old  to  cut  off  the  whole  head  at  about  five  or  six  feet 
above  the  ground  and  place  in  a  wedge  shaped  graft  of  the  desired 
variety.  I  have  never  seen  them  employ  grafting  wax  but  they 
usually  cover  the  point  of  graft  with  mud  and  protect  the  graft  from 
the  hot  sun  by  means  of  a  bunch  of  rice  straw  tied  over  the  graft. 
This  method  is  very  common  in  Lokang  (HISO)  and  in  other  places 
is  often  used  to  top-work  trees.  In  Fukien  it  is  also  widely  practiced 
both  on  the  lychee  and  lungan,  and  Hsu  Po  (^f#)  in  his  records  of 
the  lychee  in  Fukien  speaks  of  '"tsieh  chih"  and  says,  "Secure 
seedling  of  the  sour  kinds,  cut  off  the  trunk  and  use  a  sharp  knife  to 
make  a  crack  and  then  insert  another  branch  so  that  the  skin  of  the 
two  comes  together.  Bind  with  tree  leaves  and  cow  manure  mixed 
with  clay."  Experiments  in  grafting  and  budding  the  lychee  and 
the  lungan  have  received  some  attention  at  the  Hawaii  Station  and  a 
method  of  bark  grafting  has  proved  thus  far  successful  in  top  work- 
ing lungan  trees  to  lychee.  Mr.  Higgins  says:  "  Repeated  experi- 
ments with  this  method  have  shown  that  there  is  no  ^reat  difficulty 

in  securing  a  union  of  the  litchi  with  the  longan A  noteworthy 

influence  of  the  stock  on  the  scion  should  be  mentioned  here.  The 
growth  produced  is  very  much  more  rapid  than  that  of  the  litchi  on 
its  own  roots,  and  in  some  cases  the  character  of  the  foliage  appears 
to  undergo  a  change.  " 

The  Chinese  apparently  do  not  recognize  the  art  of  budding 
and  hence  do  not  employ  it  on  the  lychee.      Mr.    Higgins  ]   reports, 
'The  budding  of  the  litchi  on  the  longan  has  been   accomplished  in 
Hawaii,  but  this  method  is  not  so  successful  as  that  of  grafting  des- 
cribed above.  " 


1  Higgins,  J.  E.,   The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  p;»ge  11. 


METHODS  OF  PROPAGATION  69 


An  Open  Field  for  Experiment  with  the  Lychce 

It  is  apparent  that  there  is  an  open  field  for  a  series  of  inter- 
esting and  helpful  experiments  in  the  propagation  of  this  attractive 
fruit.  The  fact  that  the  Chinese  have  always  propagated  a  large  per- 
centage of  their  plants  by  layering  has  not  enabled  them  to  determine 
the  varied  results  that'  can  be  obtained  by  means  of  grafting.  A 
series  of  experimsnts  in  grafting,  budding  or  inarching  the  lychee  on 
stocks  other  than  its  own  should  prove  of  value  to  the  Chinese  in 
their  cultivation  of  this  fruit.  It  should  also  prove  of  value  to  those 
countries  which  are  attempting  to  introduce  the  lychee  under  con- 
ditions not  so  favorable  as  in  its  native  hnbitat. 

Drought  and  frost  resistance  are  two  factors  to  be  kept  de- 
finitely in  mind  in  this  work;  and  soil  variations  should  be  carefully 
studied.  The  varied  soil  and  climatic  conditions  in  which  the  lychee 
grows  in  China  have  resulted  in  distinct  varietal  differences  which 
can  be  utilized  to  advantage  in  this  work.  In  this  connection  it  will 
be  a  decided  advantage  to  regroup  all  the  varieties  of  the  lychee  into 
the  water  lychee  and  the  mountain  lychee  classification  as  one  Chinese 
author  has  attempted  to  do. 

It  should  be  especially  noted  that  a  study  of  the  Lychee  group 
of  the  Sapindaceae  as  outlined  under  the  botanical  discussion  reveals 
the  f  ict  that  we  can  look  with  promise  to  regions  remote  from  those 
-of  native  habitat  for  stocks  upon  which  to  work  the  lychee.  In 
particular  the  wild  lychee  of  the  Philippines,  Litchi  Philippine  ns^s 
Radlk.  (figure  2),  offers  great  promise  of  being  found  useful  as  a 
stock  since  it  is  the  species  most  closely  related  to  the  cultivated 
lychee,  grows  on  well-drained  uplands  and  on  hill  and  mountain 
slopes  at  considerable  altitudes  and  is  a  tree  of  great  height  and  large 
diameter.  All  this  is  quite  the  reverse  of  the  cultivated  lychee. 
Furthermore,  this  species  has  large  seeds,  at  least  twice  the  bulk  of 
those  of  the  cultivated  lychee,  and  hence  presumably  producing  more 
vigorous  Seedlings.  In  any  attempt  to  grow  the  lychee'  on  high,  dry 
situations  it  is  imperative  that  a  test  be  made  of  the  Philippine  wild 
lychee  as  a  stock.  It  is  also  possible  that  the  little  known  Pseudone- 
phelium  furnitum  (Blanco),  Radlk.,  a  tree  growing  on  Luzon 
Island,  Philippines,  in  Borneo  and  Perak  will  upon  fuller  study  prove 
to  be  closely  related  to  the  lychee.  It  has  flowers  destitute  of  petals 
like  the  lychee,  whereas  the  flowers  of  the  lungan  arid  the  other 
species  of  Euphoria  have  well  developed  petals.  At  any  rate  the 
effort  should  be  made  to  utilize  also  this  species  as  a  stock  for  the 
lychee  which  is  rather  narrowly  limited  in  its  range  of  soil  adaptation. 


70  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


The  closely  related  genus  Euphoria  has  already  proved  pro- 
mising recent  reports  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  indicating  success 
in  grafting  the  lychee  on  the  lungan,  EupJwriQ  lotiyana  Lam.  (fig. 
59).  The  allied  Philippine  form,  Euphoria  cintrca  Radlk.  (fig.  3) 
should  also  be  tried  and  the  other  nine  members  of  the  genus 
Euphoria  should  not  be  neglected.  All  these  facts  indicate  the  pos- 
sibilities of  opening  up  a  most  interesting  study  with  regard  to  new 
methods  in  the  propagation  of  the  lychee  which  may  prove  valuable 
to  both  China  and  to  other  countries. 


CHAPTKR  XI 

THE  LYCIIEE  AND  LUNGAN   IN  COMMERCE 


In  a  country  where  transportation  facilities  have  developed  so 
slowly  it  is  nut' surprising  that  threat  sacrifices  of  growers'  profits,  and 
even  human  life  itself,  have  been  necessary  in  order  to  get  a  perish- 
able fruit  to  a  critical  public  and  to  a  tribute-exacting  royalty. 

The  usual  method  in  the  handling  of  the  lychee  crop  is  for 
the  grower  to  sell  to  the  jobber;  the  jobber,  who  is  at  the  mercy  of 
contractors  in  human  labor  necessary  to  transport  the  product  by 
land  or  by  stream,  sells  to  the  city  wholesaler;  the  wholesaler  to  the 
retailer;  and  the  retailer  to  the  consumer.  Estimates  on  the  value  of 
the  fruit  are  usually  made  while  it  is  still  on  the  tree;  in  fact,  con- 
tracts for  the  year's  crop  are  often  made  while  the  trees  are  in  flower, 
as  this  allows  a  little  more  leeway  for  a  gamble. 

After  the  fruit  is  picked  it  is  carefully  and  neatly  packed  by 
these  jobbers,  the  baskets  are  carefully  covered  with  some  of  the 
leaves  of  the  tree  and  are  often  made  thief-proof  by  sewing  over  the 
top  a  kind  of  bamboo  matting.  They  are  thus  transported  to  the 
cities  (fig.  .45).  The  wholesale  lychee  markets  in  a  city  the  size  of 
Canton  are  a  most  interesting  study  and  the  questions  regarding 
weights  and  measures,  grades  and  prices  are  difficult  to  comprehend. 
ISut  interesting  information  can  be  secured  here  with  regard  to  dis- 
tricts and  varieties. 

Trilnili  Lyvlm 

Chinese  history  points  clearly  to  the  evils  which  have  accom- 
panied the  custom  of  sending  the  best  produce  of  the  land  to  the 
Kmperor  and  his  Court.  It  is  fortunate  for  China  that  this  custom 
ceased  with  the  birth  of  the  Republic.  The  demand  made  by  the 
royal  families  upon  the  great  lychee  producing  districts  of  the  south 
has  always  been  "a  thorn  in  the  flesh."  It  has  proved  a  deterring 
factor  in  the  development  of  the  lychee  industry,  as  is  indicated  in 
many  records  of  the  extreme  hardship  and  even  sacrifice  of  life  th;it 

71 


THE  LVCHRt:   AND   LUNG AN 


was  necessary  to  carry  the  fruits  from  south  to  north.  Ts'ai  Hsiang 
(HH-)1  says,  "Foochow  (j@ftP  usually  sends  its  tribute  of  lychee  in 
two  forms:  Hung  yen  (&|gj  and  Mi  chien  tlgjfjlj,  or  candied  lychee. 
During  the  Ch'ing  Li  (H®)  year  of  Jen  Tsung  (1041  A.D.), 
Emperor  of  the  Sung  Dynasty,  the  T'ai  Kuan  (JklT)  or  Official  in 
Charge  of  the  Collection  of  Tribute,  inquired  concerning  the  form 
in  which  the  yearly  tribute  was  sent.  T-he  Cjjih  Chou  Shih  (^fl>H^), 
or  Prefect  of  Foochow  OiiMM),  told  him  that  the  distance  was  very 
long  and  therefore  they  were  not  able  to  send  them.  The  T'ai 
Kuan  (Jklf)  then  ordered  the  number  of  Hung  yen  (|n.!J)  lychee  to 
be  diminished,  and  the  amount  of  plain  dried  fruit  to  be  increased 


Transportation 

Although  the  lychee  is  perishable  the  fresh  fruit  can  be  market- 
ed to  advantage  at  great  distances  from  the  orchards,  as  is  testified  by 
the  fact  that  in  northern  China  and  Japan  it  is  readily  found  in  season 
on  the  markets  of  important  cities;  and  transportation  facilities  are 
still  very  slow  in  China.  Mr.  Higgins  2  in  his  bulletin  gives  some  in- 
teresting experiments  with  regard  to  this  question  and  believes 
"there  is  no  doubt  that  refrigeration  will  prove  a  very  satisfactory 
method  for  placing  upon  American  markets  the  litchi  crop  grown  in 
Florida,  California,  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  or  Cuba." 

Wholesale  Prices  of  Ike  Fresh  Fruit 

That  the  local  Canton  prices  for  lychee  and  lungan  are  not 
low  is  indicated  by  the  following  table  of  prices  received  by  a  grower  ? 
who  marketed  his  fruit  wholesale: 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  (HH),    Li  Chih  P'u  (^=£f£)  in   Ku   Chin    Ti  Shu 
Chi  Cheng  ("g^B^INc),  P*   Wu  Hui  Pien  (tf^HH),    Ts'ao  Muh   Tien 
section    273    (f&Htf-fc+H^),    Li   Chih   Pu  1  (%&&-),  page  4 


2   Higgins,  J.  E.,  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  page  13. 


J  Acknowledgement  is  due  Mr.  Mo  Hui  T'ang  (Mok  Fai  T'ong 
of  Pel  Shan  (Pak  Shan  4blll)  f°r  access  to  his  account  books  whereby  it  was 
possible  to  obtain  the  following  figures. 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN  IN  COMMERCE  73 

Wholesale  Market  Prices  forfLychee  and  Lungan  Fruits 
per  tarn  (It)  of  133  pounds. 


Lychee 

Hei  yeh         Kuei  wei 
(Hak  ip)       (Kwai  mi) 

No  mi  ts'z         Huai  chih 
(No  mai  t'sz)    (\Vai  chi) 

JR  n 

&    *fc 

Ad?          vf*           i» 

m    TK    5* 

m  tt 

1909 

$7.00 

* 

15.00 

35.00 

5.50 

1910 

6.00 

10.00 

15.00 

4.20 

1911 

4.90 

10.00 

15.00 

3.50 

1912 

8.40 

21.00 

28.10 

5.50 

1913 

9.75 

17.80 

22.10 

7.00 

1914 

12.00 

22.20 

35.00 

7.60 

1915 

12.60 

20.00 

28.10 

5.51 

1916 

7.00 

15.00 

21.00 

4.91 

1917 

9.80 

15.00 

21.00- 

5.51 

t!918 

49.40 

184.00 

111.00 

27.80 

i 

Lungan 

. 

Shih 

hsia  lung  yen 

Hua  kioh 

Kao  yuan 

(Shap 

ip  lung 

ngan) 

(Fa  hok) 

(Koun) 

ff 

m  ft 

& 

*    ft 

a  m 

1909 

$7.00 

$2.98 

$3.50 

1910 

4.91 

1.50 

2.10 

1911 

7.00 

2.98 

3.50 

1912 

7.00 

2.98 

3.50 

1913 

7.00 

2.98 

3.50 

1914 

7.00 

2.98 

3.50 

1915 

9.80 

4.91 

5.95 

1916 

9.80 

4.91 

5.95 

1917 

4.91 

1.50 

2.10 

+  1918 

2980 

7.00 

9,84 

74  THlv;LYCHKK  AND  LUNdAN 


NOTES:  •":  

*  Prices  are  expressed  in  terms  of  Canton  local  silver  the  value  of  which 
in  terms  of  gold  currency  varies  greatly.  In  1914  $1.00  local  silver  was  equal  to 
about  50  cents  United  States  currency  or  2  shillings  English  currency;  in  1919 
$1.00  local  silver  was  equal  to  about  90  cents  United  States  currency  or  5  shillings 
English  currency. 

.This,  difference  in  exchange  so  favoralvle  to  China  began  after  the  opening 
of  the  European  war~and  has  not  yet  returned  to  the  normal  rate  existing  before 
the  war.  But  the  growers  returns  were  greater  during  the  years  of  the  war  than 
before^  And  export  prices  also  fell  very  little  during  this  period.  These  facts 
indicate  somewhat  how  in  these  modern  days  international  conditions  will  affect 
the  rural  populations  of  countries  even  so  much  cut  off  from  world  affairs  as  those 
in  China...  .  .. 

f  The  very  excessive  prices  indicated  in  the  year  1918  is  accounted  for  by 
the  fact  that  there  was  an  exceedingly  short  crop  because  of  unfavorable  weather 
conditions. 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  l.rNcJAN  IN  COMMERCE  75 


and  Methods  of 


Wu  Tsai  Ao  (ftfttt)1  in  his  (/'///  Li  Chili  (;?tij^;fc)  says 
that  the  first  day  after  picking,  the  lychee  loses  its  color,  the  second 
day  its  fragrance,  the  third  its  taste;  and  by  the  end  of  the  fourth  or 
fifth  day  all  color,  taste  and  fragrance  are  gone.  His  statement  is 
overdrawn,  though  there  is  nothing  quite  so  delicious  as  lychee, 
ripened  on  and  freshly  picked  from  the  trees.  Wu  Tsai  Ao  (*&fSc||) 
then  devotes  a  whole  section  of  his  treatise  to  the  question  of  pre- 
SIT\  at  ion. 

Hsu  Po  (\fe$i}2  devotes  more  than  half  of  his  work  to  how 
!o  prepare  and  eat  the  lychee.  He  has  a  number  of  honied  recipes, 
one  of  which  calls  for  the  mashed  green  fruit,  boiled  with  honey  and 
then  set  aside  in  a  jar  for  one  month  until  it  jells.  Another: 
"Secure  some  fresh  lychee  and  dry  them  in  the  sun  for  one  day. 
Remove  the  skin  and  the  seeds  from  the  meat,  and  to  each  catty  add 
one  and  one-half  catties  of  white  honey.  Boil  over  sand  (a  slow 
fire)  until  there  are  from  100-1000  bubbles.  Pour  into  earthen  jars 
(not  iron),  alternately  heat  and  cool  for  one  day,  and  then  in  this 
earthen  jar  dry  the  mass  in  the  sun  until  it  solidifies." 

The  Chinese  are  connoisseurs  in  rare  and  dainty  dishes  and 
the  lychee  has  offered  an  attractive  field  for  the  development  of  this 
art.  Canton  restaurants  list  delicious  lychee  dishes  with  meat  or 
syrup  dressings  and  most  of  the  local  writers  on  the  lychee  have 
described  various  methods  of  salting,  preserving,  or  canning  and  dry- 
ing the  lychee.  Mr.  Higgins'  also  gives  some  local  recipes  for 
preserving  the  fruit. 


r  TSAI  AO  ($M£H',  Chi  Li  Chih  (,&$£)  in    Ku   Chin  Tu  Shu 
Chi   Chfwr    (Vf^IiltftM),     I'o  H'H  H'li  Pten   (t$4%Mi),    TCno  Mnh   Tien 
ft),    section  274    (^r.lflrW^,    Li  CKih    l>«  1  (  l^^n),  pat;-r  7 
• 


1  HSU  PO    ($tf#l),    Li  Chih  P'u    (  %,$3£)    in    Ku  Chin  Tu   Shu   Chi 
Chen?    (T^BHHlft),      Po     H'u   Urn    Picn   (1f4^^),    Ts'ao    Muh    Tien 
tion  -'73   tm^rt-L-l-H^),   /./   Ch,h    /'//  2    (&3&K±),    pa^    5 


1  Hissi"N?    J-E.  ,    The.  Lit<lii    in    Hfi^vttii,    Hawaii    Aj^ricultxiral    J-',\|)t-ri- 
nicnt  vSt.iliim,    litillctin  no.   44,  P;I^«'N   14  ;imi   I  ^. 


76  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


The  Chinese  make  a  wine  of  the  lychee  which  is  considered 
a  very  great  delicacy. 

Medicinal  Value 

The  Chinese  have  long  recognized  the  curative  value  of  the 
lychee  and  the  lungan  for  certain  ailments  but  also  report  that  the 
raw  fruit  if  taken  in  excess  produce  boils  and  other  ailments.  Some 
work  has  been  done  on  the  chemical  analysis  of  the  dried  lychee  and 
lungan  (See  Appendix)  which  should  assist  in  arriving  at  more 
accurate  information  of  the  real  rrfedicinal  and  food  value  of  these 
fruits.  More  work  should  still  be  done  along  this  line.  One  of  the 
most  recent  articles  written  on  this  interesting  and  important  phase  of 
the  lychee  has  been  that  of  B.  E.  Read,1  who  first  quotes  G.  Stuart's 
Chinese  Matcria  Medica  as  follows: 

"...  The  fruits  are  dried  in  the  sun  or  by  artificial  heat,  and 
are  used  as  sweetmeat  at  feasts,  and  often  given  as  presents  to  the 
newly  married.  They  are  not  regarded  as  entirely  without  deleterious 
properties,  and  when  the  raw  fruits  are  partaken  of  freely  they  are 
said  to  produce  feverishness  and  nosebleed.  Partaken  of  in  small 
quantity  or  in  the  dried  form  they  are  thirst  relieving  and  beneficial 
to  nutrition.  But  they  are  specially  recommended  in  all  forms  of 
gland  enlargements  and  tumors.  The  seeds  are  regarded  as  anodyne 
and  are  prescribed  in  various  neuralgic  disorders  and  in  orchitis. 
The  leathery  external  tegument  of  the  fruits  is  used  in  decoction  in 
the  distress  caused  by  small-pox  eruption,  and  also  in  fluxes  from  the 
bowels.  The  flowers,  bark  and  root  are  employed  in  decoction  in 
angina  and  quinsy." 

A  summary  of  Mr.  Read's1  observations  on  the  value  of  the 
lychee  as  a  drug,  in  his  own  words  is: 

"  Therapeutic  Activity.  The  diseases  mentioned  suggest 
the  possible  presence  of  iodides,  alkaloids  or  a  bitter  substance  of 
strong  therapeutic  action.  The  mention  of  feverishness  and  nosebleed 
produced  when  the  nuts  are  freely  partaken  of,  together  with  the 
fact  that  ihis  plant  is  a  member  of  the  soapwort  family  would  point 
to  the  presence  of  saponin.  No  iodine  was  found  present  to  account 
for  its  alleged  action  on  tumors  and  gland  enlargements,  such  as 
present-day  treatment  for  goitre  would  suggest,  and  no  saponin  or 
similarly  active  substance  was  detected  to  account  for  its  [supposed 

1  Read,    B.  E.,    The    Edible    Litchi  Nut  (Litcfc  Chinensis)    in  Journal 
American  Chemical  Society,  v.  40  no.  5,  pa?e  818  (May  1918). 


THF,   LYOHKI-;   AVH   U'\<;\\  IN  COMMKWF, 


toxicity.  When  added  to  the  regular  diet  of  a  rabbit,  for  a  long 
period  or  when  fed  in  as  large  a  quantity  as  50  g.  at  one  time,  no 
toxic  effects  whatever  from  the  nuts  were  observed. 

A  more  thorough  study  of  the  comparative  medicinal  values 
of  the  lychee  and  lungan  should  be  made  at  an  early  date.  Dried 
lungan  from  which  skin  and  seed  have  been  removed  can  be  purchased 
in  Chinese  medicine  shops  and  as  such  is  an  article  of  commerce. 
Jnrhe  Bulletin  of  Miscellaneous  Information  of  the  Royal  Gardens 
a?  Kevv  '  attention  was  called  to  this  lungan  pulp  in  the  following 
words : 

l<  Mr.  Consul  Kenny  in  his  Report  on  the  Trade  of  Tainan, 

Formosa,  for  the  year  1896   (Foreign  Office  Report,  Annual  Series, 

No.  2,021)  draws  attention  to  this  substance  in  the  following  words:  — 

Lungan  is  the  fruit  popularly  known  as  the    'dragon's  eye.'      It  is 

prepared  in  the  form  of  pulp  by  peeling  and  stoning  the  fruit  and 

drying  and  baking  it,  and  is  used  by  the  Chinese  as  tea " 

Notes  from  a  memorandum  on  the  subject  by  Rev.  William. Camp- 
bell, r.  R.G.S.,  Presbyterian  Missionary  at  Tainan,  are  quoted  in  this 
report  as  follows : 

The  dried  Lung-ngan  or  Geng-geng,  which  is  largely  ex- 
ported from  An-peng,  port  of  Tainan,  is  described  as  the  longan 
fruit  (Nep  helium  longana^ 

"Natives  state  that  the  "lichi  "  (Nepkclitim  Litclti,  Cam- 
ness.-)  is  not  very  common  in  Formosa,  It  is  larger  than  the  lung- 
ngan  or  geng-geng,  has  a  thinner  and  much  rougher  outside  husk,  and 
contains  more  edible  matter. 

'  The  country  of  Kagi  is  a  region  where  much  of  the  gcng- 
geng  yearly  production  is  prepared  for  exportation. 

'The  work  of  first  heating  the  fruit  so  as  to  cause  the  soft  parr 
inside  to  shrink,  of  peeling  the  husk,  and  then  of  drying  the  abstracted 
soft  part  over  a  slow  fire,  is  carried  on  chiefly  by  women  and  girls,  who 
earn  each  about  60-80  cash  (b-8  cents  a  day) ,  besides  getting  the  husks 
and  hard  inner  nut  for  use  as  fuel.  The  work  usually  begins  about  the 
middle  of  the  eighth  month  and  lasts  on  until  the  end  of  the  year.  The 
dried  article  of  export  is  taken  to  Shanghai,  &c,  and  is  said  to  be  largely 
used  for  infusion  with  water  as  a  refreshing  drink  or  febrifuge. 

1  Kew  Royal    Gardens,    Bulletin    of    Miscellaneous  Information  ^    Printed 
for  His  Majesty's  stationery  offnfe,  London,   1X99,  pap's  219  ami  _\?o. 


THE  LYCHEK  AND  LUNG AX 


"Lungan  pulp  consists  of  the  fleshy  arillus  which  surrounds 
the  seed;  it  is  of  a  black  color  and  leathery  consistency  and  has  a 
sweetish  smoky  flavour  and  is  of  an  uninviting  appearance." 

Dried  Lychee 

The  most  common  method  of  preserving  the  lychee  and  the 
lun gan  is  to  dry  them.  This  is  done  either  in  the  sun  or  in  ovens, 
the  former  preferable  if  the  weather  permits.  Many  of  the  dried 
lychee  for  local  consumption  and  export  are  produced  in  the  Lokang 
(lllJijj)  region.  In  this  section  the  only  varieties  that  are  dried  are 
Shan  chih  (Shan  chi  flj^),  San  yueh  hung  (Sam  ut  hung  H$&), 
Huai  chih  (Wai  chiS&)  and  No  mi  ts'z  (No  mai  t'sz  f^&)  with 
great  preference  for  the  latter.  The  Chinese  of  Lokang  ^jiBI)  say 
that  no  other  varieties  are  dried  because  of  the  thin  skin  which  makes 
it  impossible  for  them  to  be  dried  satisfactorily. 

There  are  two  common  methods  of  drying  the  lychee;  one  by 
sun  and  one  by  fire.  The  fruits  are  cut  off  from  the  trees  with  some 
stems  and  leaves  attached,  fruits,  stems  and  leaves  are  then  spread 
out  on  a  drying  floor  or  placed  on  the  ground  in  round,  bamboo 
trays  and  exposed  to  intense  sunlight  until  the  skin  (now  almost  a 
shell)  is  brittle  and  the  aril  is  free  and  rattles  in  the  shell.  The  fruits 
are  then  cut  off  from  the  stems  and  further  dried  in  the  sun.  When 
they  are  considered  sufficiently  dry  they  are  placed  in  the  open  air  for 
one  night  and  the  dew  is  allowed  to  fall  on  them.  The  following 
day  they  are  again  dried  in  the  sun  until  the  shriveled  seed  becomes 
very  dry.  The  fruits  are  then  placed  in  wooden  tubs  or  earthen  jars 
which  are  sealed  with  paper  and  stored  away.  Care  must  be  taken 
not  to  place  these  jars  or  tubs  in  contact  with  the  ground  lest  the  dried 
fruit  absorb  some  moisture.  Before  the  fruits  are  taken  to  the  market 
and  sold  they  are  once  more  spread  out  on  trays  and  exposed  to  the 
air  and  dew  for  one  night.  The  following  day  they  are  dried  in 
sunlight  for  several  hours  and  then  sold.  Dried  lychee  for  home 
consumption  are  rarely  given  this  night  processing  as  the  Chinese  say 
there  are  just  as  good;  but  the  flesh  is  black  instead  of  an  attractive 
brown  color.  If  care  is  not  taken  in  the  drying  process  and  the  lychee 
are  exposed  to  rainfall  the  shell  turns  black  and  the  fruit  is  spoiled. 

Lychee  are  never  dried  in  the  ovens  unless  weather  conditions 
are  unfavorable  for  sun  drying.  If  the  days  are  rainy  when  the  fruit 
should  be  dried,  stoves  are  constructed  in  the  homes  or  in  convenient 
places.  Racks  made  of  bamboo  are  built  over  these  stoves  'and  the 


TIIK  LYCIIKK  AND  U  X(iAX   IN  COM.MKRC.'K 


79 


fruit  is  dried  by  means  of  lire.  The  round,  bamboo  trays  commonly 
in  use  in  Chinese  villages  for  drying  purposes  are  about  3  feet  in 
diameter.  Square  ovens  of  clay  are  first  constructed.  These  are  two 
or  three  feet  high  and  within  is  placed  the  Chinese  earthen  charcoal 
stove  known  as  fcng  lu  <  fvuig  lo  .M^-  Over  this  stove  is  placed  an 
iron  tray  and  the  bamboo  frame  for  holding  the  trays  is  built  to  cover 
the  entire  outfit.  Seven  or  eight  trays  with  lychee  are  then  placed 
over  the  stove,  one  above  the  other,  and  about  three  or  four  inches 
apart.  A  bamboo  cover  is  placed  over  the  top  of  the  stove.  The 
trays  are  constantly  shifted  so  that  no  one  tray  is  next  to  the  fire  or 
occupies  the  same  position  for  any  great  length  of  time.  The  bottom 
tray  must  b?  at  a  distance  of  at  least  one  and  one-half  feet  from  lh<» 
fire.  If  the  heat  is  too  intense  the  Ivchee  will  turn  black. 


The  following  table  indicates  the  yield  of  dried  lychee  secured 
from  the  fresh  as  given  by  the  people  of   Lokang 


No  mi  ts'z  (No  mai  t'sz 
San  yueh  hung  (Sam  ut 
Shan  chih  i  Shan  dii 
Huai  chih  (Wai  chi 


Fresh 

1  00  catties  24-26  catties 

100     ,,  /K)  catties 

UK)     ,,  M)     ,, 

100     ,,  .SO     ,', 


The  villagers  of  Lokang  ''.JK0Q.1  sell  their  dried  fruit  to  jobbers 
or  exporters  who  in  turn  pack  it  in  neat  packages  or  sell  it  by  the 
catty  In  Canton  the  average  price  for  the  No  mi  ts'z  (ff&ifc) 
variety,  other  than  in  exceptional  years,  is  from  60-80  cents  Canton 
currency  per  catty.  In  the  United  States  these  same  Ivchee  appear 
neatly  packed  in  pasteboard  boxes  and  bring  in  the  Chinese  restaurants 
from  $1.75  to  $2.  00  United  States  currency  per  pound.  These  modern 
containers  in  which  the  lychee  is  presented  to  the  foreign  trade, 
gaudily  printed  in  no  less  than  twelve  colors  with  birds,  beasts,  insects, 
fruits,  flowers  and  women,  convinces  one  that  the  Chinese  are  learn- 
ing modern  methods  of  presenting  their  products  in  an  attractive 
s'yle.  Across  the  face  of  the  container  of  one  company  trrere  is  a 
Chinese  gateway  at  the  top  of  which  are  the  American  and  Chinese 
flags  partly  hid  by  a  scroll,  upon  which  are  the  Chinese  characters 
advertising  the  product  contained  therein. 


HU  THE  LYCI1EE   AND    I.  UNO  AN 


Canned  Lychcc  and  Lunyan 

In  recent  years  lychee  and  lungan  canned  in  sugared  syrup 
have  been  making;  inroads  upon  the  home  and  foreign  markets  and 
their  popularity  is  rapidly  increasing.  Most  of  the  canning:  factories 
of  South  China  are  now  canning  this  product. 

Food  Value  of  the  Lyckct 

That  the  lychee  and  lungan  as  fresh,  canned  or  dried  fruit  have 
a  great  future  is  indicated  not  only  by  its  popularity  among  the  Chinese, 
but  also  by  its  increasing  popularity  as  a  sweetmeat  in  western  coun- 
tries. Conclusions  drawn  by  B.  K.  Read1  indicate  that  the  lychee 
makes  a  good  supplementary  food,  that  its  calorific  value  is  exceed- 
ingly high  and  that  jellies  made  of  this  fruit  might  be  of  value  in 
special. diets.  He  says: 

"  Food  Value — The  proximate  composition  of  the  litchi  has 
been  estimated  by  Atwater  and  Bryant.  Like  the  chestnut  it  is  practi- 
cally fat  free,  contains  little,  if  any,  protein,  and  consists  very  largely 
of  *  fiber  and  nitrogen  free  extract. '  The  latter  was  found  to  be 
composed  almost  entirely  of  simple  sugars,  which  accounts  far  the 
inclusion  of  these  nuts  as  a  food  and  for  the  claim  that  they  are 
'beneficial  to  nutrition.' 

4  The  various  extracts  prepared  were  acid,  and  showed  the 
presence  of  citric  acid  with  possible  traces  of  the  other  common  fruit 
acids,  which  stimulate  the  appetite  and  are  well  known  as  'thirst 
relieving  substances.'  There  was  no  pectin  body  present;  but  this 
fruit  with  its  high  sugar  and  acid  content  on  the  addition  of  orange 
fruit  would  form  an  excellent  jelly  suitable  for  nephritic  and  other 
limited  diets,  required  for  diminishing  the  acidity  of  the  urine. 

"It  is  reported  by  Street  that  owing  to  its  high  carbohydrate 
content  7  g.  of  litchi  are  of  equivalent  calorific  value  to  10  g.  of  wheat 
bread.  No  other  of  the  many  fresh  fruits  or  nuts  cited  by  him  show 
as  high  a  value.  I  have  found  the  carbohydrate  to  be  a  mixture  of 
simple  sugars  chiefly  invert  sugar,  a  carbohydrate  easily  digested  with 
all  its  energy  available  for  use  in  the  body. 


1  Read,    B.E.,    The    Edible    Litchi    Rut    (Litchi   CJilnensis)   in   Journal 
Amerirm  Chemical  Societv,  v.  40  no.   5,  May,   191 8,  pages  SI  8  and  819. 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN  IN  COMMERCE  81 


Examination  of  the  ash  showed  considerable  content  of  the 
mineral  salts  needed  in  a  well-balanced  diet;  thus  the  nut  would  make 
a  good  supplement  to  foods  rich  in  protein  and  those  lacking  in 
mineral  matter. 

'  The  many  valuable  suggestions  of  Langworthy  on  the  use  of 
fruit  as  a  food  could  be  applied  to  the  canning,  preserving,  drying  and 
general  preparation  of  this  fruit  as  a  wholesome,  palatable  and  attractive 
.addition  to  the  diet.  " 

At  present  only  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  lychee  crop  is 
dried  and  canned  and  it  is  very  difficult  to  know  what  the  total  produc- 
tion of  the  crop  in  China  would  be.  No  other  country,  except  some 
parts  of  India,  has  developed  the  lychee  to  the  industry  stage. 

Export 

Former  Vice  Consul  Josselyn  of  Canton,  in  the  U.S.  Com- 
merce Reports  of  September  24,  1915,  gives  the  approximate 
production  of  lychee  in  Kwangtung  province  alone  as  20,000,000  to 
30,000,000  Ibs.  This  report  also  contains  Chinese  Maritime  Customs 
statistics  on  the  export  of  dried  lychee  as  follows: 

Ibs.  Value  U.S.  Gold 

Canton                                  862,533  $148,937 

Kowloon                          1,051,333  181,627 

Hoihow                              412,400  7,522 

Pakhoi                                          842  39 

Samshui                                    _360  66 

2,327,468  $338,191 


CHAPTER  XII 


KNKMIKS 


Chinese  writers  very  rarely  refer  to  inject  enemies  and  di- 
seases of  the  lychee.  Their  category  of  enemies  consists  of  negli- 
gent husbandmen,  frost  and  snow,  unfavorable  winds,  salt  water,  bats 
and  one  insect  which  anyone  who  has  seen  the  lychee  crop  in  China 
will  at  once  recognize,  by  sight  and  smell,  as  a  very  conspicuous 
Chinese  relative  of  our  numerous  so-called  "stink  bugs."  With  the 
exception  of  tobacco  stems  soaked  in  water,  which  they  use  freely  on 
many  crops,  the  Chinese  know  very  little  about  insecticides;  of  the 
use  of  fungicides  they  know  practically  nothing.  Their  belief  in  a 
"hand  to  hand"  warfare  is  encouraged  by  cheap  labor  and  they  use 
some  ingenious  methods  (fig.  41). 

A  Highly  Decorated  Pentalomidac — Tcssaratoma  papillosa 

The  most  common  insect  attacking  the  lychee  is  this  species 
known  among  the  Chinese  farmers  as  Ch'ou  p'itan  (Ch'au  p'i  tan 
^KjO-  The  insect  is  highly  destructive  and  Chinese  farmers  suffer 
greatly  from  its  ravages.  In  the  illustration  (fig.  42)  adults  and  young 
are  represented  life  size.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  rows  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  as  shown  in  the  illustration.  The  backs  of  the  insects  are 
decorated  with  bands,  stripes  and  margins  of  red  and  yellow  making 
them  very  difficult  to  distinguish  on  the  highly  colored  fruit.  Mr.  C. 
W.  Howard  of  the  Canton  Christian  College  reports  that  the  nymphs 
require  about  two  months  to  mature  and  that  there  seems  to  be  a 
great  difference  in  the  life  histories  of  individuals.  He  says,  "A  few 
may  mature  in  4-6  weeks  and  others  8  weeks.  Few  eggs  are  seen 
after  June  but  eggs  and  nymphs  are  sometimes  found  even  in  late  sum- 
mer. There  seems  to  be  only  one  generation  each  year  although  closer 
study  may  change  our  ideas  on  this."  The  Chinese  recognize  that 
unless  these  insects  are  kept  under  control  they  do  great  damage  to 
the  crop.  A  brown  discoloration  of  the  skin  and  a  rotting  of  the 
flesh  seems  to  take  place  at  the  spot  where  these  insects  rest  on  the 
fruit.  The  common  theory  of  the  Chinese  is  that  the  urine  excreted 
by  these  insects  causes  this  discoloration  and  decay;  and  the  disagree- 
able odor  has  given  it  its  Chinese  name.  The  noxious  odor  of  these 

82 


PLATE  XXXI 


FIGURE  42. — Serious  Insect  Enemy  of  the  Lychee,  Tessoratoma  papillosa. 


PLATE  XXXII 


FIGURE  41. — Killing  Lychee  Tree  Borers  with  "Hisser"  Firecrackers. 


FIGURE  43. — Trunk  of  Lychee  Tree  Covered  with  Lichens  and  Track  of  Borer. 


KXK.M1KS  8/5 


insects  exudes  from  the  openings  on  the  back  of  the  abdomen  in  the 
nymph  stage  and  from  the  under  side  after  the  adult  winged  stage  is 
reached.  Mr.  Howard  says,  *'l  would  incline  to  think  that  injury 
is  caused  by  punctures  and  not  by  the  secretion  of  these  glands  as  their 
contents  are  discharged  only  when  disturbed  by  man  or  enemies. 
They  Itan  no  urine  and  excreta  from  digestive  tract  is  hard." 
There  can  be  no  question  that  one  of  the  greatest  pests  of  the  lychee 
is  this  insect  and  the  Chinese  combat  it  as  best  they  can  by  climbing 
the  trees  and  scooping  the  adults  and  nymphs  in  by  means  of  nets  or 
picking  them  by  hand.  Modern  methods  for  fighting  this  enemy  will 
be  watched  by  the  Chinese  with  great  interest.  They  will  be  ready 
to  adopt  such  methods  as  soon  as  shown  they  are  more  economical 
than  their  present  hand  warfare. 

Xonn  $c(irdb<  i'ltit — Injurious  Ltaf  (.'luifirx 

Growers  of  tip-land  lychee  experience  considerable  trouble 
with  several  species  of  Scarabeidat  which  they  call  Huauy  cJi'uny 
(Wong  ch'uny  $&).  These  appear  in  great  swarms  in  the  month 
of  April,  just  about  the  time  the  flower  buds  of  the  lychee  open.  In 
South  China  hundreds  of  acres  of  rolling  land  are  devoted  to  graves, 
upon  which  the  Chinese  graze  their  cattle.  This  sod  provides  an 
ideal  home  for  the  larvae  of  these  insects  and  in  the  spring  myriads 
of  adults  emerge  and  attack  the  leaves  and  flower  buds  of  many  trees. 
The  chief  remedial  measure  of  the  Chinese  is  to  attack  these  insects 
in  the  adult  stage.  They  go  out  with  torches  and  pick  them  from 
the  trees.  At  the  Canton  Christian  College  the  people  pick  (hem 
by  hand,  the  agricultural  department  purchasing  them  by  weight  and 
using  them  for  chicken  food.  These  insects  are  only  troublesome 
on  the  higher  areas  and  are  not  a  factor  for  consideration  where  trees 
are  grown  under  wet  conditions  at  any  considerable  distance  from 
sod  land. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Howard  reports  the  most  common  species  found 
about  Canton  in  the  order  of  their  importance: 

Hoplosteri&u*  diinen*i$  Guer. 

1 1  (tl  of  rich  in  i)luinlnu  }>!nnicitlh's  Burm. 
.1  itoni'ild  r  tricolor  Gyll. 
Adordn*  conv(.cus  Burm. 

a '>rn  Busk. 


84  THE  LYCHEK  AND  LUNGAN 


Lydi(<  Ltaf  Gail 's 

A  very  conspicuous  enemy  of  the  lychee  and  lungan  are 
the  leaf  galls  which  are  found  widespread  about  Canton.  Mi. 
J.  E.  Higgins  l  treats  of  these  galls  caused  by  mites,  reporting 
them  as  having  made  their  appearance  on  the  lychee  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  He  says,  ''Specimens  of  this  mite  have  been  submitted  for 
identification  to  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomo- 
logy, of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  who  reports  that  the  mite  is 
apparently  an  up  described  species  of  Eriopbyes  the  genus  responsible 
for  similar  diseases  of  other  plants."  The  first  symptoms  of  the 
work  of  these  mites  is  quickly  discernable  by  the  wrinkled  leaves. 
On  examination  the  early  stages  are  easily  seen  as  small  galls  embed- 
ded on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  which  increase  in  size  and  are 
covered  with  a  brown  velvety  hairy  growth. 

Mr.  Otto  A.  Reinking  2  reports,  "The  most  injurious  affec- 
tion on  lychee  is  three  different  types  of  leaf  galls  produced  by  insects. 
As  a  common  thing  entire  branches  of  leaves  are  attacked.  The 
symptoms  of  the  usual  gall  formation  is  a  thickened,  wrinkled  leaf  On 
the  affected  portions  are  formed  many  abnormal  hairs  of  a  brown  color 
with  a  velvet-like  appearance.  A  second  type  of  gall  is  evidenced  by 
a  somewhat  spherical  enlargement  without  the  numerous  hairs.  The 
third  type  is  a  minute  gall  in  the  form  of  a  slightly  enlarged  portion 
around  the  insect  puncture."  Further  investigation  should  reveal 
whether  or  not  these  types  of  galls  are  produced  by  the  same  or 
different  species  of  Efiophyes. 

Mr.  Higgins  1  reports  three  different  treatments  tried  in  Hawaii 
to  kill  these  Eriophyes  as  follows : 

1.  Solution  of  10  ounces  nicotin  sulphate  and   1  3/4  pounds 
whale-oil  soap  in  50  gallons  of  water. 

2.  Resublimed  flowers  of  sulphur  in  powdered  form,  applied 
with  an  ordinary  power  bellows  at  the  rate  of  4  3/4  pounds  for  a  tree 
20  feet  high  and  28  feet  in  spread. 

3.  Solution  of  self-boiled  lime-sulphur  solution  made  up  of  4 
pounds  quicklime  and   4  pounds  flowers  of  sulphur  in  25  gallons  of 
water. 

1  Higgins,  J.E. ,    The  Litchi   in   Hawaii,    Hawaii   Agricultural   Experi- 
ment Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  pages  17  and  18  and  figures  1  and  2. 

Reinking,  Otto  A.,  Diseases  oj   Economic   Plants   in   Southern   China. 
The  Philippine  Agriculturist,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  4  (Nov.   1919),   page  123. 


KXKM1KS  85 


Mr.  Higgins  adds,  'Later  examination  disclosed  results  so 
much  more  favorable  to  the  nicutin  sulphate  and  fish-oil  soap  that  the 
other  treatments  were  abandoned.  This  spray  was  applied  again  on 
March  28  (the  first  on  February  11),  April  11  and  25.  One  tree 
received  treatment  on  March  11.  By  the  end  of  April  the  mites 
were  practically  eradicated/' 

-1  Lij<'ln<   1 1'<  <  Borer 

Another  very  common  insect  attacking  the  lychee  is  a  tree 
borer.  Its  work  is  very  manifest  on  both  lychee  and  lungan  by  the 
debris  left  upon  the  bark  of  the  trees  (fig.  4.-?).  Mr.  C.  W.  Howard 
of  the  Canton  Christian  College  is  working  with  this  insect,  which  he 
has  not  yet  identified.  The  Chinese  are  constant  in  their  warfare 
against  this  borer  by  piercing  it  with  wire  thrust  into  the  channels 
which  it  bores  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree;  or  by  making  "hisser" 
firecrackers  which  are  spurted  into  the  holes,  thereby  burning  or 
suffocating  the  insect  in  its  larva  stage  (fig.  47).  Some  times  the 
holes  are  plugged  with  tallow  which  is  also  said  to  be  very  effective 
in  smothering  the  life  out  of  the  larvae. 

Molh  Larva  At  fuelling  Flou't-r  N/fw.s  and  Fruit 

In  the  vicinity  of  Canton  the  larva  of  some  insect  quite  com- 
monly attacks  the  flower  stems  of  the  lychee.  Larvae  are  also  some- 
times found  in  the  fruit.  But  whether  or  not  the  two  are  of  the  same 
species  has  not  as  yet  been  determined.  Mr.  Higgins  *  also  reports 
a  lychee  fruit  worm  at  work  in  Hawaii,  *  the  larva  of  a  tertricid  moth 
(Cryptophlebia  illepida)."  The  relationship  of  these  insects 
cannot  be  known  until  these  at  work  about  Canton  are.  identified. 

X <•<;!<  I nsf-cts  and  OUnr  Enemies 

Some  scale  insects  also  attack  the  lychee  and  lungan  but  the 
infection  has  never  been  noted  as  very  serious. 

Mr.  Higgins  '  reports  from  Hawaii  a  root  inhabiting  mealy 
bug,  the  hemispherical  scale  Saissetia  hcmisphcrica,  the  Japanese 
beetle  Adorctus  tenuinwrn[fttus  and  the  larva  of  a  moth  Archips 


1  Higgins,  J.E.,  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  B  illetin  No.  44,  pages  15  and  16. 


8b  THE  LYC1IKK  AND  LUN(JAN 


posluitlanus.     In  its  immunity  to  the   Mediterranean    fruit  rly   Mr. 
Higgins  classifies  the  lychee  with  the  banana  and  pineapple. 

In  addition  to  insect  enemies  bats  often  attack  the  trees  when 
the  fruit  is  about  ripe.  In  China  these  are  driven  off  by  means  of 
gongs  sounded  in  the  trees  during  the  early  hours  of  the  evening  or 
by  means  of  nets  erected  about  the  trees  (tig.  21 ). 

Fungi 

Minor,  superficial  fungi  can  be  found  on  the  leaves  of 
lychee  and  lungan  but  in  general  the  thick,  tough,  glossy  nature  of 
the  leaves  makes  their  'susceptibility  to  fungi  very  slight  indeed. 
Mr.  Otto  A.  Reinking  '  reports  undetermined  leaf  spots  and  says. 
'  The  lychee  tree  is  remarkably  free  from  all  injurious  fungus  attacks. 
The  tree  apparently  is  very  healthy,  with  waxy,  resistant  leaves  and 
a  healthy  bark.  A  black  superficial  leaf  mold  caused  by  a  fungus  of 
the  Mcliola  or  Capnodium  type  is  present,  but  never  in  a  serious 
form.  Minute  black  specks  of  a  fungus  of  the  Micropeltis  form 
may  also  be  observed.  " 

Lichens  and  Algae 

Lichens  are  very  common  on  the  trunks  of  lychee  trees  (tig. 
43).  There  are  a  number  of  undetermined  species  of  both  lichens 
and  algae  appearing  on  the  trunk,  branches  and  even  the  leaves  of 
these  trees. 


Reinking,  Otto  A.,    Diseases   of  Economic   Wants   in    Southern   CJiina, 
The  'Philippine  Agriculturist,  Vol.  VITI,  No.  4,  (Nov.   1919),  Pag-e  123. 


CHAPTER  XII! 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  LYCHEE 

A  fair  indication  of  the  interest  and  attention  which  the  Chinese 
have  given  the  lychee  is  manifested  in  the  great  number  of  varieties 
one  finds  listed  in  the  literature  of  China  and  in  the  careful  classifica- 
tion of  the  fruit  on  the  markets  of  the  country.  The  varieties  are  far 
too  numerous  for  commercial  culture,  but  a  standardization  has  not 
been  developed,  due  chiefly  to  ths  lack  of  intercourse  between 
sections  producing  this  fruit  and  of  organization  among  nurserymen 
and  growers.  The  varieties  also  run  to  grades  which  the  wholesale 
markets  are  quick  to  recognize,  often  to  the  disadvantage  of  the 
grower.  Numerous  Chinese  writers  have  carefully  listed  these 
varieties. 

Writers  from  Fukien,  and  they  have  been  by  far  the  greater, 
have  striven  to  prove  that  Fukien  produces  the  best  lychee,  but  those 
describing  Kwangtung  varieties  just  as  strongly  assert  that  this  section 
produces  the  best.  Residents  of  the  two  provinces  are  to-day  equally 
as  emphatic  in  their  claims  for  the  home-grown  product.  Wu  Ying 
K'uei  l  in  his  Ling  Nan  Li  Chili  P'u  tried  to  settle  the  argument 
interestingly  by  asserting  that  the  Emperor  Han  Wu  Ti  ($n&ffr), 
when  he  wished  to  transport  lychee  to  Ch'ang  An  (&'£),  took  all 
from  "ChiaoChou"  (Coc  hin  China).  , He  also  proved  his  claim 
in  favor  of  Kwangtung  by  showing  that  in  the  time  of  the  T'ang 
dynasty,  T'ien  Pao  (3£9f),  the  queen,  was  very  fond  of  lychee. 
If  secured  from  Szechwan  or  Fukien  the  way  would  have  been  much 
nearer,  but  instead  "flying  riders"  were  provided  and  the  "Nan 
ftai"  (r^tfc)  district  in  Kwangtung  provided  the  Queen  with  the 
best  in  the  land.  She  did  not  get  any  from  Fukien.  On  the  other 
hand  the  Pen  Ts'ao  Tu  Ching  ^^@|.l),  as  pointed  out  in  the 
Annals  of  Fukien,  places  Fukien  first,  Szechwan  second,  and  Ling 
Nan  last.  But  as  a  matter  of  fact  Szechwan  hardly  deserves  to  be 
ranked  as  a  lychee  producing  province. 


WU  YING  K'UKT  (&«&),  Ling  Nan  Li  Chili  P' 

aalSAu    (*flfiHt),   Book  59   (3£-bJi#),  section   5  (#!£), 
2    -KftnK)- 


88  THJ<;  LYOHEE  ANJ)  LUNG  AN 


As  early  as  1492  in  -the  Annals  of  Fukien  there  was  published 
a  list  of  40  varieties  at  the  head  of  which  are  the  names  of  the  three 
sent  as  a  contribution  to  the   Emperor.     These  three  and  30  follow- 
ing are  apparently  those  which   this  writer  wishes   to  designate  the 
"  water  lychee  "    and  the  best  general  type;    for  at  the  end  of  the 
list  he  names  7  varieties  which  he  calls  the  "  mountain  lychee",   the 
first  three  of  which  he  has  classified  as   "medium"    quality.      Ts'ai 
Hsiang  in  his  Li   Chih  P'u  lists  12  varieties  under  what  he  calls  the 
"Chen  family  purple  >J    class  and   20   under  the  Hu  pi   Qfcjfc)  or 
"tiger  skin"  class.      In  writing  of  these  32  varieties  Ts'ai  Hsiang 
says,  "  ......  Those  which  are  named'after  the  families  which  produce 

them  are  the  best  known.  When  the  name  of  a  locality  is  mentioned 
in  the  description  of  a  variety,  it  indicates  that  it  is  a  variety  peculiar 
to  that  particular  place.  Those  varieties  which  are  not  named  after 
families,  and  no  particular  place  of  production  is  mentioned,  probably 
grow  in  all  four  places  Foochow  (ffiJH),  Chuanchow  (&#0, 
Hinghwa  (tlffc),  and  Changchow  ($fcft|)  —  prefectures  of  Fukien." 


Sung  Yu  (5JcS)1  in  his  Li  Chih  P'u  names  22  kinds  of  lychee 
growing  in  the  Kwang  provinces  that  Cheng  Hsiung  (g|$&)  has 
previously  recorded,  while  in  the  Annals  of  Kwangtung  there  are 
listed  about  30  varieties  and  Wu  Ying  K'uei  2  in  his  Ling  Nan  Li 
Chih  P'u  lists  more  than  70  varieties.  Most  of  these  he  carefully 
describes,  states  the  chief  districts  in  which  they  are  grown  and  gives 
the  history  of  their  origin.  A  list  of  his  "Ling  Nan  "  varieties  is 
also  appended.  Mr.  F.  D.  Cheshire,  formerly  U.  S.  Consul  at 
Canton,  in  a  report  on  the  lychee  published  in  Plant  Immigrants,  a 
multigraphed  bulletin  issued  by  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant 
Introduction,  and  quoted  in  the  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  briefly  described 
15  Kwangtung  varieties. 

The  Chinese  of  Kwangtung  say  that  the  lychee  has  more 
varieties  than  any  other  fruit.  This  they  believe  to  be  due  to  the 
tendency  of  the  lychee  to  change  its  qualities  under  different  cultural 

1  SUNG  YU    (&&),    Li  Chih  P'u  (&$I9)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng    (**•{!£«),      Po     Wu  Bui   Pien   dfttgff},    Ts'ao    Muh    Tien 


section  273  (»rW-fe-i-H*),  Li  Chih    Pu  1    (3»*ffl5-),   page   8 

(**;•). 

2  WU  YING  K'UEI  (^Jjgai),  Ling-  Nan  Li  Chih  P'u 
Ling  Nan  I  Shue  (£$&&),  book  59  (5rbJL#),  section  4 
1-10  (- 


VARIETIES  OF  THE   LYCHKK 


and  soil  conditions.  1  hey  recognize  the  extreme  difficulty  to  per- 
petuate the  desirable  characteristics  of  highly  prized  varieties  under 
conditions  other  than  those  in  which  the  fruit  has  had  its  ory:in.  At 
the  present  time  it  is  quite  easy  to  list  as  many  as  40  or  50  varieties 
of  lychre  recognized  in  K  wangling.  A  list  of  49  varieties  in 
Chinese  character,  Mandarin  and  Cantonese  romanization,  and  with 
English  equivalents  will  he  found  in  the  Appendix.  But  15  distinct, 
widely-known  and  commercial  varieties  is  a  fair  estimate  for  Kwang- 
tung.  More  than  half  of  these  are  readily  found  in  season  on  the 
markets  of  Canton  city  where  they  are  attractively  displayed  to  a 
discriminating  public.  • 

From  close  contact  with  the  people  of  Kwangtung  t  am  led 
to  believe  that  there  is  greater  intelligence  on  the  part  of  the  average 
Cantonese  with  regard  to  the  names  of  the  varieties  of  the  lychee,  and 
their  respective  good  and  bad  qualities,  than  there  is  on  the  part  of 
the  average  citizen  of  the  West  with  regard  to  varieties  of  important 
fruits.  The  average  Cantonese  student  or  peasant  will  quickly  tell 
you  why  he  considers  the  No  mi  ts'z  (No  mai  t \sztS3frfc)  better 
than  the  Huai  chih  (Wai  chi  $=&)  or  the  Kuei  wei  (Kwai  mi  $y£) 
better  than  the  Hei  yeh  ( Hak  ip  JS3|) .  I"  South  China  few  Chinese 
feasts  are  complete  unless  they  are  begun  or  finished  with  the  lychee, 
dried  or  fresh.  And  when  the  fruit  is  in  season  the  conversation  of 
the  feasters  often  turns  to  the  quality  of  different  .lychee,-  or- to  it 
gamble  as  to  the  size  of  the -seed  in  the  fruit  about  to  be  opened. 

Among  the  fifteen  common  varieties  of  lychee  in  Kwangtung 
there  is  a  wide  range  with  regard  to  earliness,  general  attractiveness, 
sweetness  and  size  of  fruit.  The  color  and  surface  texture  of  the 
skin,  the  texture,  taste  and  fragrance  of  the  flesh  and  the  size  of  the 
seed  are  all  qualities  which  soon  determine  in  the  mind  of  the  con- 
sumer the  value  of  a  variety.  By  judicious  selection  and  careful 
propagation  by  experts  these  varieties  have  been  find.  The  cultural 
requirements  for  the  different  varieties,  though  not  known  by  the 
average,  farmer,  are  recognized  by  specialists  who  are  engaged  in  the 
nursery  business  and  who  are  quick  to  recommend  to  the  grower, 
varieties  which  may  be  best  adapted  to  his  conditions.  In  this  con- 
nection it  is  a  significant  fact  that  one  of  the  common  general 
classifications  of  varieties  is  the  mountain  and  the  walfr  types, 
the  latter  containing  bv  far  the  most. 


90  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


In  the  following  description  of  these  varieties  it  has  been 
difficult  to  carry  out,  with  any  degree  of  clearness  to  those  unac- 
quainted with  this  fruit,  distinguishing  characteristics.  The  Chinese 
in  their  remarks  concerning  the  different  qualities  of  the  Jychee  are 
very  clear  cut  in  their  terminology,  much  of  which  is  difficult  to 
translate  into  good  English. 

The  form  of  the  lychee  they  speak  of  as  round,  egg-shaped  or 
heart -shaped.  In  describing  the  fruit  in  more  detail  they  refer  to  the 
base  as  the  ti  (tai  jg*)  and  to  the  calyx  end  as  the  ting  (teng  Hf)  or 
top.  They  also  sptak  of  the  shoulders  which  they  term  Hang  chun 
(Uung  kin  ffiff}).  These  they  say  are  high  or  low  or  one  higher 
than  the  other.  The  terms  used  in  describing  the  size  of  the  fruits 
are  much  the  same  as  in  English.  The  Chinese  have  many  words 
to  describe  color  but  that  of  the  lychee  is  usually  referred  to  as 
red  or  green  red.  They  refer  to  the  skin,  which  they  speak 
of  as  k'o  \hok  %&)  or  shell,  as  thick  or  thin,  rough  or  smooth, 
The  markings  or  dots  on  the  lychee  are  quite  characteristic  and  for 
these  they  have  a  special  term,  the  chu  ti  (chu  tai  &fc^?).  They  are 
also  quick  to  recognize  any  special  lines  on  the  fruits  whereby  varieties 
may  be  distinguished. 

The  flesh  of  the  fruit  the  Chinese  refer  to  as  jou  (yuk  ft) 
or  meat  and  they  speak  of  it  as  poll  (pok  §j$)  thin  or  heu  (hnu  J^C) 
thick.  They  recognize  at  once  a  difference  of  color  in  the 
fl:sh  and  are  quick  to  describe  it.  They  speak  of  the  flesh  as  shwang 
(shong  $fc)  meaning  crisp  or  knn  shwang  (kon  shong  $£?£) 
meaning  dry  and  crisp.  With  reference  to  the  juice  contained 
within  the  lychee  they  recognize  that  in  some  varieties  it  is  more 
readily  held  within  the  flesh  than  in  others.  That  is,  when  the  skin  of 
some  varieties  is  removed,  the  juice  of  the  aril  remains  entirely  within 
the  flesh  whereas  in  other  varieties  the  juice  tends  to  run  out  into  the 
skin  or  shell  as  it  does  in  some  grapes.  The  Chinese  term  co\ering 
this  quality  is  kan  chieh  (k"n  kit  &8g)  which  literally  means  ''dry 
and  clean;"  and  of  the  many  different  characteristics  of  the  lychee, 
this  is  one  of  the  most  highly  prized  by  the  Chinese.  These  juices 
they  speak  of  as  "water"  which  they  say  is  "  much"  or  "little.  " 
The  Chinese  also  have  a  term  to  cover  that  part  of  the  fruit  which 
we  speak  of  as  the  rag.  This  they  call  cha  (jff)  which  they  say  is 
"much"  or  "little"  and  which  largely  determines  the  quality  of 
the  fruit.  It  is  the  small  amount  of  rag  which  gives  the  lychee  its 
superiority  over  the  more  tropical  rambutan. 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  LYCHEE  91 


There  is  a  wide  range  of  flavor  in  the  different  varieties  of 
lychee  ani  the  Chinese  have  some  interesting  expressions  to  cover 
this  quality.  For  example  suan  (sun  fit  )  is  a  sour  acid  flavor 
whereas  sunn  t'ien  (sun  t'im  SlSft)  or  sour-sweet  is  a  mild  sub-acid 
flavor.  The  term  sch'ivg  t'ien  (ts'ing  t'im  «JrJfr)  clear  sweetness  and 
clio  t'ien  (chuk  t'lm  rUSH")  or  dull  sweetness  are  often  used.  Some- 
times they  also  use  lisiang  t'ien  (hcung  t'lm  H=Sft)  meaning  fragrant 
sweetness  and  mi  t'ien  (mat  t'tmffft)  meaning  "honey  sweetness" 
in  describing  the  flavor  of  the  lychee. 

The  seeds  of  this  fruit  are  of  two  chief  kinds:  the  mature, 
well-developed  ones  which  the  Chinese  call  ta  ho  (tai  hat  ;fo|5[)  or 
big  seed  and  the  shrivelled,  immature  ones  which  they  call  chiao  ho 
(tsiu  hat  ,$$g)  which  literally  means  scorched  seed. 


The  following  descriptions  of  some  of  the  varieties  of  the 
lychee  are  listed  here  somewhat  in  the  order  of  their  importance  as 
commercial  fruits  or  in  propagation. 

No  mi  ts'z  (No  mai  t'sz  *f&!ft)--  Glutinous  rice 

The  No  mi  (f|$0  or  glutinous  rice,  characterized  by  its  sticky 
or  glutinous  quality,  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  highly  prized 
vareties  of  rice  in  China.  A  great  quantity  of  the  Chinese  rice  wine 
is  made  from  this  kihd  of  rice.  Why  the  Chinese  should  name 
one  of  their  best  lychee  after  this  rice  1  have  never  heard  explained. 
The  No  mi  ts'z  ($!&3fcjj)  is  sometime  called  Shui  ching  hwan  (  Shiu 
tsing  un  Tjt&A)  which  must  not  be  confused  with  Shui  ching  ch'iu 
(Shui  tsing  k'au  :&a&£fc),  a  distinct  variety  Most  of  the  No  mi  ts'z 
(No  mai  t'sz  JHI^e^J,  also  sometimes  written  f^jeH,  are  produced 
in  the  district  ot  Pan  yu  (P'un  U  Ull^  .  The  Lo  kang  Mffl)  region 
is  especially  famous  for  its  production  of  a  superior  type.  This 
varie;y  is  commonly  propagated  by  Chinese  air-layering  but  the 
quality  of  the  fruit  thus  produced  (fig.  44)  is  not  considered  to  be  so 
good  as  those  which  have  been  inarched  or  grafted  on  the  "  mountain 
lychee"  (fig.  45).  This  practice,  widely  followed  at  Lo  kang^ 
doubtless  accounts  for  the  superior  fruit  produced  there. 

The  leaves  of  trees  of  this  variety  are  rather  small  and  do  not 
form  a  very  dense  head.  The  leaflets  are  quite  long,  pointed  and 
the  -margin,  especially  at  the  tip,  is  somewhat  wavy.  Petioles  are 
short 


92  THE  LVCHEK  AND  JA'NGAN 


This  variety  appears  on  the  markets  rather  late  in  the  season 
but  commands  ^  high  price  and  there  never  seems  to  be  an  over 
supply,  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  an  excess  production  is  used  for 
drying.  Some  people  dispute  the  superiority  of  the  No  mi  ts'z  (No 
mait'szf&Jfclt)  over  the  Kuei  wei  (Kwai  mi  $fen£),  which  appears  on 
the  Canton  markets  about  the  same  time.  The  fruit  of  the  No  mi  ts'z 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  any  and  good  fruit  will  average  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  ounce  in  weight.  Good  types  of  this  variety  have 
exceptionally  small  and  shrivelled  seeds  which  will  not  germinate. 
This  quality  doubtless  places  it  in  the  first  class.  The  form  of  the 
fruit  is  somewhat  rounded,  but  with  prominent  shoulders  (fig.  45), 
one  of  which  may  be  somewhat  higher  than  the  other.  The  skin  is 
roughened  and  markings  prominent.  The  fruit  is  red  and  this  color 
is  also  quite  evident  on  the  inside  of  the  skin.  The  flesh  is  solid, 
crisp  and  of  a  fragrant,  sweet  flavor.  It  is  so  dry  and  dean  that 
the  Chinese  remark  that  when  the  fruit  is  first  opened  the  flesh  can 
be  wrapped  in  thin  tissue  paper  without  even  moistening  the  paper. 
The  flesh  is  very  smooth  and  is  said  to  resemble  fat.  It  is  one  of 
the  best  varieties  for  drying  and  large  quantities  are  thus  preserved. 

Kua  lu  (Kiva  Ink  W&) — Hanging  yrtcn 

•  If  one  were  to  consider  fame  this  variety  should  certainly  come 
first.  It  is  the  most  mystical  of  all  varieties  and  Chinese  literature  is 
full  of  interesting  stories  connected  with  it.  It  is  produced  in  the 
hilly  district  of  Tseng  Ch'ing  (Tsang  shing  ifJ^)  where  the  original 
tree  is  still  to  be  seen  near  a  monastery.  This  tree  has  been  described 
under  Tseng  ch'ing — the  Home  of  a  Lychee  of  National  Fame.* 

The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  deep  green,  small,  narrow  and 
quite  pointed.  It  appears  on  the  markets  after  the  Huai  chih  (Wai 
chi  S$0  but  is  not  very  commonly  found  on  the  markets  of  Canton. 
Before  the  time  of  Republic  much  of  the  fruit  of  this  variety  was  sent  as 
contribution  to  officials  and  used  for  presentation  purposes.  :In  those 
days  I  had  one  Kua  lu  (&%&)  presented  to  me  in  a  little  red  box  and 
my  friend  informed  me  that  he  had  paid  one  dollar  for  it.  J  took  it 
to  an  expert  on  the  lychee  who  at  once  informed  me  that  it  could 
not  have  been  from  the  original  tree  as  it  did  not  have  the  green  tip 
and  line  characteristic  of  the  fruits  of  this  tree.  It  is  this  tip  and  line 
which  gives  the  fruit  the  name  "hanging  green.  ? 

*SfC  .w/>;v/,   Hiaptrr  VII,   page   50 


PLATE  XXXIII 


FIGURE  45. — Natural  Size  and  Natural  Color  Reproduction  of  the  No  mi  ts'z — 
Glutinous  rice — Lychee. 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  LYCHEE  93 


The  fruits  are  quite  large,  rough,  but  without  prickles.  The 
skin  is  thin,  soft  and  red  and  said  to  resemble  that  of  the  No  mi  ts'z 
1  $&%*&)•  But  the  seed  is  much  larger  and  the  sweetness  of  a  more 
sprightly  sub-acid  flavor.  The  flesh  is  dry  and  crisp  and  like  the  No 
mi  ts'z  can  be  wrapped  in  tissue  paper  without  wetting  the  paper.  It 
is  said  to  keep  very  well.  The  fruit  of  the  original  tree  is  noted  for 
its  medicinal  qualities  and  for  its  wonderful  taste  and  fragrance. 

l\  IK  i  irti  (Kirai  ini  ££ii£)  —  Cit\namon  flavor 


The  Kuei  wei  (^u#)  is  a  very  popular  commercial  variety 
grown  largely  in  the  Pan  yu  (P'un  u  $^)  district,  especially  at  lLo 
kang,  ($i[$  )  and  Shang  yung  (Sheung  ch'ung  JLf$).  Compared  with 
the  No  mi  ts'y,  (fig^fcH),  tne  flesh  of  which  is  said  to  be  fatty,  the 
Chinese  speak  of  the  Kuei  wei  (££?£)  as  like  lean  meat:  For  this 
reason  they  say  it  can  be  eaten  in  greater  quantities.  In  form  the 
fruit  is  sorrvjwhat  smaller  than  the  No  mi  ts'z  ($s%.*£-)  and  inclines  a 
little  more  to  the  heart  shape.  It  has  a  very  rough,  but  pretty  red 
skin,  which  tinges  to  green.  Fruits  of  the  Kuei  wei  (££n£),  the  skin 
of  which  is  altogether  red,  are  said  to  be  very  inferior  to  those  with 
the  green  markings.  This  green  color  of  the  skin  usually  appears  on 
the  shoulders  These  is  usually  a  line,  or  constriction  in  the  skin, 
running  around  the  fruit  which,  is  quite  characteristic.  The 
roughened  character  of  the  skin,  which  is  quite  prickly,  is  another 
prominent  feature  of  this  fruit.  In  Lo  kang  (^|SJ)  there  is  a  type  of 
Kuei  wei  (fjr«Jc)  called  the  Yah  t'ou  lu  (Ap  t'au  luk  <?,|fl^)  which 
is  said  to  be  the  best  type  of  this  variety.  The  seed  of  the  Kuei 
wei  (£t-;i$c)  is  very  small  and  dry.  The  flavor  is  very  sweet  and 
fragrant,  from  which  the  variety  doubtless  gets  its  name  of  "cinnamon 
fl.ivor.  " 

llsiang  li  (Ilcuny  lai  &%,)  —  Fragrant  lycluc 


This  variety  is  produced  at  various  places  in  Kuang  chou 
(  Kwong  chau  JftM-l  J  but  the  best  are  produced  in  Sin  Hsing  (San  hing 
$|ffK^  district.  In  fact  the  fruit  is  often  called  the  Sin  hsing  hsiangli  (San 
hing  heung  lai  ^rfl^^^  to  designate  that  it  is  superior  to  any  llsiang 
li  (^|£)  produced  elsewhere.  The  original  tree  of  this  variety,  which 
is  said  to  have  been  the  best,  was  located  at  Liu  tsu  fa  t'ong  (Luktso 
fat  t'ong  -Aflifc^  in  Sin  Hsing  (San  hing$frf&).  This  temple  is  a 
Buddhist  temple  named  after  Liu  tsu  (Luktso  AIR.),  who  was  the  sixth 
and  last  patriarch  of  the  Buddhist  Church  in  China.  The  founder  of 
Buddhism  in  China  was  Tat-rno  who  came  in  the  fourth  century. 


94  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


From  him  the  headship  of  the  Church  was  transmitted  through  a 
succession  of  patriarchs  and  ended  at  the  close  of  the  seventh  century 
in  the  death  of  Luk-tso.  l  Luk-tso's  real  name  was  Lu  Hwei-neng 
and  his  native  village  was  Lo-ts'uen,  near  the  present  city  of  Sin 
Hsing  (San  hing  Dfffl),  in  Kwangtung.  He  was  born  there  in  625 
A.  D.  l  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  origin  of  this  variety  has  at 
least  an  indirect  connection  with  the  life  of  this  famous  tCwatigtung 
Buddhist. 

The  trees  of  this  variety  are  of  a  somewhat  different  appearance 
from  those  of  other  varieties.  The  tree  is  more  upright  in  habit  and 
thfc  leaves,  which  are  small  and  pointed,  tend  to  grow  upward.  The 
fruits  are  small  deep  red  in.  color,  very  rough  nnd  with  many 
prickles,  like  the  Kuei  wei  (fl&fc)  (rig  46).  The  flavor  is  very- 
fragrant  and  delicious  and  is  satd  to  be  even  better  than  that  of  the 
Kuei  wei  (t|i£).  The  seeds  of  good  types  of  this  variety  are  smaller 
than  those  or  any  oth^r  variety.  The  Chinese  say  they  are  so  small 
that  one  cannot  eat  sufficient  fruit  of  this  variety  to  fill  a  wine  glass 
with  the  seeds. 

The  fruit  appears  on  the  markets  rather  late.  Districts  other 
than  Sin  hsing  (San  hing  $r^)  are  said  to  have  attempted  to  place 
this  variety  on  the  markets,  but  these  are  inferior  as  the  character  of 
the  fruit  quickly  changes  when  grown  in  other  localities.  This  fact 
has  resulted  in  the  production  of  other  varieties  that  are  somewhat 
similar  to  the  Hsiang  li  '&'%,).  One  of  these,  a  very  small  fruit  a 
little  longer  in  form  than  the  Hsiang  li  f^jft),  is  a  variety  known  as 
Lung  ya  li  (Lung  nga  lai  ffit3r3£)  or  "  Dragon  tooth  lychee." 

Hsi  chio  tsa  (Sai  kok  Isz  ffift=f-}  —  Rkinoccrus  .hum 


This  variety  also  had  its  origin  is  Tseng  ch'ing  (Tsang  shing 
One  immense  tree,  which  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  original  trees, 
is  still  growing  at  Liao  ts'un  (Liu  ts'un  gtft)  and  is  shown  in  figures 
47-48.  In  this  district  the  fame  of  this  variety  is  next  to  that  of  the 
Kualu 


The  fruit  is  large,  fragrant  and  sweet  and  the  rlesh  is  some- 
what fibrous  and  tough.  It  is  a  very  early  variety,  in  this  respect 
ranking  ahead  of  Ta  tsao  (Tai  tso  ^;ia)  which  follows  it.  The 
trees  are  said  to  grow  larger  than  those  of  Ta  tsao  (^Cin),  and  are  not 


1  Henry,  B.C.,    Ling-Nam  or  Interior  Views  of  Southern    Cirnu,    S.\V. 
Partridge  and  Co.,  London,  1886,  page  224. 


PLATE  XXXIV 


FIGURE  47. — Original  Parent  Tree  of  Hsi  chio  tsu — Rhinoceros  horn — Variety. 


FIGURE  48. — An  Immense  Lychee^-Rhinoceros  horn — Tree  with  Trunk  Twelve 
Feet  in  Circumference. 


DC  c 


VA1UKT1KS  OF  TIIK   LYCHKK  95 


so  compactly  headed  as  those  of  the  latter.  The  trunk  and  branches 
are  very  irregular  the  leaves  are  not  dark  in  color.  The  fruits 
are  quite  large,  full  at  the  top  and  sharp  at  the  bottom,  giving  it 
the  appearance,  it  is  said,  of  a  rhinocerous  horn.  The  seeds  also  are 
wide  at  the  top  and  narrow  at  the  bottom  and  the  skin  is  quite  rough. 

Jl  ci  ych   (Hah  ip  %.%}  —  ttlack  l«if 

The  Hei  yeh  (3&&1  is  one  of  the  most  widely  known  and 
popular  varieties  in  Kwangtung.  It  is  widely  planted,  but  certain 
places  are  known  to  produce  fruits  of  the  better  types.  In  the  dis- 
trict of  Shun  te  (Shun  tak  Hfijft),  village  of  Ch'en  ts'un  (Ch'an  ts'un 
|3M»t^»  there  is  a  variety  called  the  Chin  ch'ai  tzu  (Kam  ch'ai  tsz  &$£?•) 
the  fruit  of  which,  in  shape  and  color,  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
Hei  yeh  (j&t^).  The  fruit  has  small  seeds  and  sweet  taste  and  is 
sometimes  called  Hei  yeh 


A  characteristic  feature  of  the  Hei  yeh  (£&£)  is  the  color  of 
the  leaves  which  are  very  dark  and  from  which  the  variety  gets  the 
name  "Black  leaf.''  The  leaves  are  long  and  wide,  pointed  and 
slightly  curled.  The  tree  is  densely  covered  with  them.  The  petioles 
are  quite  long. 

The  fruit  ripens  in  June  and  July,  the  season  in  which  the 
best  lychee  appear,  and  appears  after  T'ang  po  (T'ong  pok  #!&). 
Those  ripening  in  the  Chinese  season  known  as  Hsia  chih  (Ha  chi 
fL3l)  are  said  to  be  the  best  and  true  type.  It  is  a  medium  sized 
fruit  with  thin,  soft  skin  (fig.  49).  The  shoulders  are  wide.  The 
color  is  not  so  red  as  many  varieties  and  somewhat  green  tinted.  The 
seed  is  usually  fully  developed,  of  good  size,  and  readily  germinates. 
The  inside  of  the  skin  and  sometimes  the  flesh  is  slightly  pink.  The 
flesh  is  sweet  and  crisp. 

This  variety  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  of  the  '  'water  lychee  *  ', 
but  it  is  also  recommended  for  upland  conditions  if  sufficient  water 
for  irrigation  is  assured.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree  and  quite  widely  used 
as  an  ornamental. 

Fci  Isu  hsiao  (Fi  tsz  silt  Ufaf-^}  —  Imperial  concitltiiu  '*  hnnjh 


This  interesting  variety  had  its  origin  in  Fatshan  (fMfi),  an 
important  delta  city  near  Canton.  The  fruits  of  this  variety  appear- 
ing on  the  markets  are  produced  in  Pan  yu  (P'un  u  $£)  district. 
The  color  of  this  fruit  is  described  as  that  of  amber;  the  size  and 


THE  LVCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


shape  that  of  a  goose  egg  and  the  sweetness  of  honey.  The 
skin  is  thin,  the  meat  is  thick  and  the  seed  is  very  small.  The  juice 
is  somewhat  milky.  The  flavor  is  very  fragrant  and  is  said  to  remove 
any  bad  odors  from  the  mouth  and  to  give  the  teeth  a  fragrance  which 
will  last  over  night.  In  general  appearance  the  fruits  produced  at 
the  present  time  are  said  to  resemble  those  from  the  original  tree 
except  that  the  form  is  somewhat  more  elongated  and  the  skin  more 
dotted.  The  seeds  are  sometimes  large  and  sometimes  very  small 
(fig.  50).  It  is  an  early  ripening  variety  appearing  shortly  after 
San  yueh  hung  (Sam  ut  hung  H/j$t). 

T'f.ny  Po  (T'ong  poll'  $Hft)  —  Pond  embankment. 

This  is  another  very  early  variety  widely  planted  throughout 
Kwangtung.  In  Pan  yu  (Pun  u  $1$)  district  it  will  be  found  at  Pei 
shan  (Pak  shan  4hUl),  Lun  t'ou  (Lun  t'au  rojrJJH'?  T'u  hua  (T'o  wa 
h^£  )  and  Li  chiao  (Lik  kau  jSJU  )  .  It  ripens  about  ten  days  after  San 
yueh  hung  (Sam  ut  hung.H$&l). 

The  leaves  are  small  and  somewhat  like  those  of  the  Huai 
chih  (Wai  chi  $Htt)  The  fruit  is  said  to  resemble  the  egg  of  a  pigeon. 
The  skin  is  red  and  roughened.  The  flesh  is  thin  and  juicy  and 
with  little  rag.  The  flavor  is  quite  sour. 


Shang  hou  h  uai'(She  uny  sit  it  ir'.ri  f&  £1iO—  '  '  Pr<  aide-ti  t  of  a  hoard 
embraces" 

This  variety  probably  has  its  origin  in  Fukien  as  it  is  reported 
that  an  official  known  by  the  title  of  Shang  shou  (fiSMlO  i-e.  ,  a  President 
of  a  Board,  went  from  Kwangtung  to  a  place  in  Fukien  and  brought 
back  with  him  seed  of  a  fruit  the  tree  of  which  gave  origin  co  this 
variety. 

The  fruit  ripens  about  the  same  time  as  the  No  mi  ts'z 
(flMfc-ft)  and  is  quite  widely  grown  in  Kwangtung.  The  leaves  are 
quite  small.  The  fruit  is  large  and  rounded  in  form.  The  skin  is  red 
with  many  large  dense  spots.  The  inner  part  of  the  skin  is  pink  and 
adheres  slightly  to  the  upper  part  of  the  seed.  The  flesh  is  quite 
easily  separated  from  the  seed  and  the  flavor  is  sweet  but  with  little 
fragrance.  The  seeds  varv  in  si'/e. 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  LYCHKK  97 


Vlt'u  ma  tsa  (Chu  ma  txz  ^JflEF-)  —  China  yrass  fiber. 


This  variety  is  produced  in  Lo  kang  (LokongJRpQ)  and 
ripens  shortly  after  Kuei  wei  (Kwai  mi  ^i^c).  The  leaves  are  quite 
large  and  densely  crowded  on  the  tree,  tending  to  fold  over  one  an- 
other and  hang  downward  The  petioles  are  long. 

The  fruits  are  quite  large  and  said  to  be  shaped  like  a  thumb 
or  chicken  heart.  The  shoulders  are  quite  high  up.  The  skin  is 
rough,  but  the  markings  large  and  few  (fig.  51).  The  inner  skin  is 
very  red.  The  flesh  is  quite  dry  and  crisp  and  tends  to  stick  to  the 
seed  which  may  be  large  or  small.  It  is  considered  to  be  a  very 
fragrant  variety,  but  not  of  especially  fine  flavon 

Ta  isiw  (Tai  tso  ^cia)  —  Large  crop 

This  is  a  very  commonly  grown  variety,  widely  scattered  over 
many  of  the  districts  bordering  Canton.  It  ripens  quite  early  appear- 
ing after  Hei  yeh  (Hak  ip  SSM)  .  The  fruit  is  somewhat  egg-shaped 
with  rough  skin  and  many  dots,  which  are  dense  and  small.  The 
skin  is  a  bright  red.  The  flesh  is  quite  solid  and  crisp^  but  with  lines 
of  yellow  color  especially  near  the  seed  which  is  large,  ^  Some,  of  the 
juices  run  out  into  the  skin  upon  opening.  The  flavor  is  rather  sweet. 

Unai  chilt  (Wai  chi  ftltt)  —  The  Wai  River  lychec 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  common  variety  and  the  cheapest. 
It  ripens  quite  late  in  the  season  for  the  best  flavored  lychee,  but  its 
very  large  seed  and  watery  nature  place  it  in  a  somewhat  inferior  class. 

The  leaves  are  medium  large  and  not  pointed.  TJie  form  of 
the  fruit  is  quite  round.  The  skin  is  of  medium  smoothness;  not 
nearly  so  smooth  as  the  Hei  yeh  (£fjt).  The  dots  or  markings  are 
few  and  small.  In  general  appearance  it  much  resembles  the  Hei 
yeh  (JiMg)  and  the  best  types  of  this  variety  are  often  sold  for  Hei 
yeh  (^81)  (fig-  52).  The  color  of  the  skin  is  a  good  red  and  inside 
the  skin  is  pink.  Seeds  of  this  variety  germinate  readily  and  it  is  a 
vigorous  grower,  very  easily  propagated  and  cultured.  It  is  said  to 
be  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  general  purpose  varieties  as  it  is  a 
high  yielder  and  has  a  long  season. 


98  THE  LVCHKK  AND  LUNG  AN 


yiuh  luiny  (tiam  lit  huny  HJJIC)  —  "Tliinl  month  rtrf" 

This  is  the  earliest  maturing  lychee  produced  in  Kwangtung. 

It  appears  on  the  markets  in  early  May  and  finds  a  ready  sale  in  spite 
of  its  inferior  quality  compared  with  lychee  produced  later.  A 
village  by  the  name  of  Ma  yuen  (Ma  un  jftm )  in  Sunwui  (iffffr) 
district  is  very  famous  for  its  production  of  this  variety.  At  this  place 
the  fruit  is  known  under  the  name  of  Tsao  kuo  t  Tso  kwo  Jp-JR ) , 
meaning  "early  fruit."  It  is  also  sometimes  called  Tsao  li  (Tso 
lai  •¥•]&)  or  early  lychee."  It  is  grown  chiefly  along  the  dykes  and 
is  quite  readily  distinguished  from  other  varieties.  The  variety  is 
said  to  have  originated  in  the  Heungshan  (&\\i)  district  near  the 
village  of  Sha  yung  (Sha  ch'ung  v4?$$).  A  Sung  dynasty  emperor  is 
reported  to  have  visited  this  village,  stopping  with  a  family  by  the  name 
of  Ma  ( $, ) .  The  emperor  was  very  fond  of  lychee,  but  as  it  was  early 
summer  not  any  of  the  fruit  had  ripened.  But  strangely  it  was  found 
that  fruit  from  some  trees  had  ripened  and  thus  the  variety  was 
originated. 

The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  quite  long  and  pointed  and  much 
thicker  than  other  varietes.  The  branches  of  tree  are  said  to  be  very 
brittle  and  easily  broken  off.  The  fruit  is  exceptionally  large,  averag- 
ing over  an  ounce  in  weight  (fig.  33).  The  skin  is  thick  and  tough 
with  few  but  large  markings.  The  fruit  is  red  but  not  brilliantly  so. 
The  flesh  is  quite  thick,  not  very  sweet  and  with  much  rag.  The 
seeds  are  long  and  not  matured. 

Pai  la  U  chili  (Pak  lap  (ai  chi  fifii^i) — White  wax  lychu. 

This  fruit  is  also  known  under  the  name  of  Po  le  tzu  (Pak 
lik  tsz  6^?, — white  fragrant  plant.  The  fruit  is  quite  common 
in  the  Heungshan  (§Ul)  district  and  ripens  after  the  Huai  chih 
(•Wai  chi  tfltfc).  The  fruit  is  large  and  rounded  with  pink  rough 
skin  and  many  lage  dots.  The  flesh  is  not  particularly  sweet,  some- 
what stringy  and  tending  to  a  pink  color.  •  The  seeds  are  usually 
large. 

Shan  chih  (Shan  chi  Uj$0 — Mountain  lychu. 

This  is  the  variety  which  is  doubtless  nearest  the  wild  form 
and  it  is  found  widely  scattered  throughout  Kwangtung.  It  is  usually 
found  in  the  hills  rather  than  along  streams.  It  is  grown  in  many 
places  and  recognized  as  especially  valuable  for  stock  on  which  to 
grow  the  better  varieties.  It  is  sometimes  known  under  the  name 
Suan  chih  (Sun  chi  (ft ft)  or  "sour  lychee." 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  LYCHEE  99 


The  leaves  are  very  large,  wide  and  quite  pointed.  Petioles 
are  short.  The  tree  is  an  upright  grower  and  twigs  also  tend  upward. 
It  ripens  very  irregularly,  some  late  and  some  early.  The  form  is 
rather  elongated  with  a  very  roughened  skin  and  bright  red  color. 
The  flesh  is  thin,  the  seed  exceptionally  large  (fig.  54)  and  the  juice 
is  sour.  The  flavor  is  said  to  depend  upon  the  soil  and  cultural 
methods  and  the  Chinese  believe  that  the  character  of  this  variety 
can  be  quickly  changed  under  cultivation. 

A  number  of  so  called  varieties  of  lychee  have  originated  from 
the  Shan  chih  (ditt),  such  as  for  example  the  Mi  kuei  (Mai  kwai 
*&),  Chiahuai  (Ka  wai  «\  Ta  niu  ku  (Tai  ngau  ku  **ft), 
Ta  crTiao  ch'un  (Ma  tseuk  ch'un  Jft$f$),  Cheng  pao  hou  (Ch'ang 
pau  hau  J9M3MR),  and  Ting  sz  niu  (Ting  sz  ngau 


One  of  the  most  interesting  types  of  mountain  lychee  thus  far 
reported  is  that  called  Yeh  shan  chih  (Ye  shan  chi  SFUltt)  or 
"wild  mountain  lychee."  This  fruit  has  been  reported  as  growing 
in  the  West  river  region.  A  search  has  been  made  for  the  tree  or 
trees  which  are  said  to  exist,  but  thus  far  without  success.  The 
fruit  is  said  to  resemble  the  lychee,  but  with  hairs  instead  of  prickles. 
The  tree  is  very  large  and  tall  and  the  seed  very  light  in  color. 

In  addition  to  the  fifteen  varieties  described  there  are  many 
others  of  commercial  importance  or  of  purely  local  interest.  The  Ya 
niang  hsieh  (A  neung  hai  •£#£&)  is  a  promising  new  variety  coming 
from  the  Lo  kang  (Lo  kong  iS$3)  region.  It  is  said  to  rival  the 
No  mi  ts'z  (No  mai  t'sztS&lfc^  but  as  yet  has  made  little  progress 
on  the  Canton  markets.  The  Pu  tai  (Po  toi  >ffrS)  has  also  originated 
from  the  same  place  as  the  Ya  niang  hsieh  (ffitJlSl).  The  Chuang 
yuan  hung  (Chong  un  hung  Hft7t&)  is  quite  popular  and  can  be 
purchased  on  the  Canton  markets  (fig.  55).  The  Yu  ho  pao  (Yuk 
ho  pao  (Yuk  ho  pau  :£$?&)  is  a  very  common  early  variety  appear- 
ing immediately  after  the  San  yueh  hung  (Sam  ut  hung  H8&V 
Many  claim  that  it  is  a  type  of  Sam  yueh  hung  (Hj§|rj  but  the 
evidence  to  hand  leads  us  to  think  it  is  more  of  a  distinct  variety  than 
many  of  the  other  so-called  varieties. 

An  analytical  descriptive  table  of  some  of  these  important 
lychee  varieties  appears  on  the  following  pages. 


Analytical     Table 


'V^ 


O 


Number  of  fruits 
Cc.  of  juice 
Weight  of  seeds  (oz, ) 
Weight  of  flesh  (oz.  ) 
Weight  of  skin  (oz.  ) 
Weight  of  leaves 

and  stem  ( oz.  ) 
Weight  of  rag  (oz.  ) 
Longitudinal  dia.  (in.  ) 
Latitudinal  dia.   On.) 
Longitudinal  cir.   (in.) 
Latitudinal  cir.   (in.) 


20 
270 

1/2 
13 

1  1/2 

1 

61/2 
11/4 

11/2 
43/8 
47/16 


26 
240 

1/2 
11 1/2 

2 

2 

2 

11/8 

11/4 

1  15/16 

4 


Seed 


Small  and 
shriveled 


Small  and 
dried 


Color  of  Skin 


Rounded 

with 
top  broad 


Rounder 

with 
top  brord 


Surface  of  Skisi 


plate   1 
3.  OR 
b  Rose 
Dore« 


plate  1 
3.  O-R 
b  Rose 
Doree 


Shape 


Rough 

with 

few  dots 


juice  all  held  within  aril  or 

some  in  skin  upon  opening 

Flavor 


Average  date  when  the  variety 
can  usually  be  secured 


All 
within 


Sweet, 
honey 
fragrant 


July     8 


All 
nthin 


Honey 

sweetness 


mportant    LycHee    Varieties 


>,  --   & 

5     = 

w          Q              . 

cn       *      '-3 

'jj   M    ft 

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£^           ^         41" 

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'rt    *s5      .M, 

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2    j= 

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26 

26 

22 

28 

17 

230 

260 

210 

240 

235 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

11 

11  1/2 

111/2 

10 

11 

2 

2  1/2 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1/2 

1 

1 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

2 

2  1/2 

11/4 

11/4 

13/4 

11/16 

17/16 

13/16 

11/4 

15/16 

1  1/8 

1  9/16 

4 

41/8 

4  7/16 

4 

49/16 

4 

41/8 

3  3/16 

4  1/16 

43/4 

Large, 
oblong 

Large  and 
small 

Large  and 
small 
elongated 

Large 

Large 

Round 

Rounded 

Roundel- 

with 
broadened 

with 
broadened 

Round 

Round 

top 

top 

plate  1 
3.  O-R 

plat  1 
8.  O-R 

olate  1 
3.  O-R 

plate  1 
3.  O-R 

plate  1 
1.  Red 

b  Rose 
Doree 

Scarlet- 
Red 

b  Rose 
Doree 

b  Rose 
Doree 

b  Begonia 
Rose 

Rough    and 
thin 

Rough, 
thin 

Rounded 
with  many 
small  dote 

Quite 
smooth    ' 
Few 
large  dots 

Smooth 
and 
thin  Few 
small  dots 

All 

All 

All 

Some  in 

Some  in 

within 

within 

within 

skin 

skin 

Sweet 


Sweet 


Swrrt 


Tune  18 


Jub 


June  29 


July  IS 


July  24 


102  THE  LYCHKE  AM)  LUNG  AN 


In  addition  to  the  varieties  described  and  those  listed  in 
Appendix  IV  as  found  in  Kwangtung  there  are  also  many  other 
varieties  reported  which  have  not  as  yet  been  studied.  These  include 
the  Ch'en  t/,u  (Ch'an  tsz  ]$$£) — Ch'en's  purple,  Li  ting  chu  (Li 
ting  chu  !Jrft$0  i-e-»  pearl  of  a  black  horse's  head,  Mou  ni kuang  (Mail 
ni  kwong  2£;£;&) ,  Shih  pah  niang  (Shap  pat  neung-fvVfil) — Eighteen 
maids,  Tai  hvva  hsiang  (Tai  fa  heung  ifc^-fiO — "wearing  flowery 
fragrance/'  and  Chiang chuntzu(Tseung kwan  tsz  JOTC&) — General's 
purple. 

With  regard  to  Indian  varieties,  Higgins  *  reports:  "A  variety 
known  as  'Mclean'  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  in  that  country. 
Another  under  the  name  '  Muzaffarpur  Seedless '  is  practically  seed- 
less in  many  of  its  fruits,  'Bedana'  is  another  small  seeded,  sweet 
variety.  'Dudhia'  is  quite  unusual  in  that  it  is  white.  'Rose 
scented'  is  a  fruit  of  large  size  and  very  agreeable  flavor.  China' 
is  a  late-season  variety." 


1  Higgins,  J.E.,    Tht  Litchi  in  Hawaii,    Hawaii   Agricultural    Experi- 
ment Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  page  20. 


PLATE  XXXVIII 


FIGURE  55. — Chuang  yuan  hung — Royal  red — Lychee. 
(Two-thirds  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXXIX 


FIGURE  56. — The  Yau  yen  Lungan  as  a  Temple  Tree. 


FIGURE  57. — The  Rounded  Head  of  a  Fruiting  Lungan  Tree. 


dlAPTKR  XIV 


Tin:  U:X(;AX 


1  he  lungan  has  been  described  us  the  monk"  of  the 
sapindaceous  group  of  fruits.  A  Singapore  Chinese  was  endeavor- 
ing to  make  a  simple  but  distinctive  comparison  of  these  four  fruits. 
He  said,  '*  The  rambutan  is  the  long  haired  gentleman  of  the  group; 
he  has  Mowing  locks.  The  pulassan  has  his  hair  cut  modern  style. 
The  lychee  has  had  the  clippers  put  on  his  head.  But  the  lungan, 
with  head  closely  shaven,  is  the  Buddhist  priest  of  the  four."  This 
description  applies  only  to  the  general  outside  apparance  of  these  fruits 
with  relation  to  length  of  setae  or  smoothness  of  skin.  It  indicates 
that,  unlike  any  of  the  others,  the  outside  surface  of  the  lungan  is 
smooth. 


'["he  lungan  is  the  most  cold-resistant  fruit  of  the  group  and 
will  be  found  growing  farther  north  than  the  lychee,  and  at  higher 
altitudes.  It  requires  perhaps  a  little  less  care  than  the  lychee  and 
individual  trees  growing  in  a  semi-wild  condition  are  seen  more  often 
than  lychee.  It  is  a  taller,  higher-headed  tree,  with  branches  and 
flower  spikes  growing  more  upright  than  those  of  the  lychee  and  with 
bark  characteristically  its  own.  The  fruits  are  much  smaller  than 
lychee  but  the  leaves  and  the  flowers  are  conspicuously  larger. 


'["he  fruit  is  round,  or  nearly  so,  and  when  ripe  is  yellow.  The 
fruit  clusters  are  usually  much  more  crowded  than  those  of  the  lychee. 
It  fruits  about  a  month  later  that  the  medium  late  varieties  of  lychee, 
the  best  varieties  appearing  in  the  month  of  August.  It  is  consumed 
by  the  Chinese  in  considerable  quantities.  They  believe  that  this 
fruit  is  not  so  strengthening  as  the  lychee  but  prize  its  medicinal  value 
very  highly.  The  aril  is  certainly  less  fleshy  than  that  of  the  lycher 
and  much  more  vinous  in  taste.  The  seed  is  invariably  large  and  there 
are  no  varieties  with  shriveled  seed  as  in  the  lychee.  The  seed  is 
usually  black  or  sometimes  brown  and  is  said  to  look  like  a.  "dragon- 
eve  " ,  whence  the  fruit  <jets  its  name. 

Hl'3 


104  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


Chinese  literature  records  many  names  for  the  lungan.  As 
early  as  the  sixteenth  century  Li  Shih  Cheng  ^B£gr)  in  his  Pen 
Tsao  Kang  Mu  <'>£1fMMH)  records  a  long  list  of  synonyms.  Another 
writer  goes  into  quite  a  lengthy  discussion  as  to  whether  a  fruit  called 
the  i  chih  (Yik  chi  &-U  is  the  same  as  the  lungan.  He  records 
that  it  was  the  belief  ot  many  people  that  the  two  were  the  same  hut 
his  conclusion  was  that  the  two  must  have  been  quite  different  as  the 
1  chih  (Yik  chi  &H? )  grows  on  a  vine  whereas  the  lungan  grows  on 
a  tree.  We. have  not  yet  been  able  to  locate  the  1  chih  (Yik  chi 
Set?  ',  though  it  is  doubtless  Sapindaccai,  as  some  of  the  species  of 
this  family  are  vines. 

The  lungan  is  very  widely  cultivated  in  Kwangtung  but  from 
all  reports  to  hand  Fukien  has  made  greater  progress  in  its  develop- 
ment. In  the  Ling  Nan  region,  P'ing  chou  (P'ing  chau  -T^ftl), 
Chihkang  (Ch'ik  kong  #;ffl),  Ta  fang  (Tai  t'ong  -ftfe)  Pei  shan 
(Pak  shan  4blU)  and  Shih  wei  t'ang  (Shik  wai  t'ong  TJHiJt)  are 
especially  famous  for  their  lungan.  The  best  variety  of  lungan  the 
Shih  hsia  lung  yen  (Shek  hap  lung  ngan  ^jiiifcfiW),  had  its  origin  at 
P'ing  chou  (Ping  chan  ^$j)  and  the  fruit  of  this  variety  produced 
there  is  said  to  be  better  than  that  produced  at  any  other  place. 
Although  not  so  large,  the  flesh  is  more  crisp,  the  seed  is  smaller 
and  the  fruit  after  drying,  if  soaked  in  water,  freshens  up  almost  like 
the  fresh  fruit.  The  fruits  produced  at  P'ing  chou  (^#H)  are  also 
said  to  be  much  sweeter  than  those  of  other  places. 

A  Suitable  Door-yard  and  Avenue  Tree 

In  the  Ling  Nan  region  the  lungan  is  very  frequently  planted 
as  a  dooryard  or  village  tree  and  a  favorite  site  is  near  temples  (fig. 
56) .  Magnificent  specimens  such  as  these,  which  are  at  least  forty  feet 
high  with  a  straight  trunk  five  feet  to  the  branches,  would  make 
wonderful  avenue  trees.  The  diameter  of  the  trunk  of  this  tree, 
breast  high,  is  two  feet  eight  inches.  The  rounded  head  of  the 
lungan  tree  is  well  ^illustrated  in  figure  57. 

Cultural  Methods 

Although  the  Chinese  commonly  think  of  the  lungan  as  a 
very  desirable  tree  for  shade,  its  culture  as  a  fruit  is  not  neglected  and 
some  large  lungan  orchards  will  be  seen  scattered  over  the  country. 
For  example  at  Ta  t'ang  (Tai  t'ong  ;fc$£ )  in  Chiao  t'ang  sz 
(Kau  t'ong  sz^^fH^  the  lowland  regions  are  often  planted  to  lungan. 


THE  LUNtiAN  1U5 


Beds  about  15  feet  wide  with  trenches  between  of  about  6  feet  are 
often  raised  up  as  in  lychee  culture.  Lungan  trees  are  then  planted 
along  the  edge  of  these  beds  and  pumelo  are  planted  down  the  center. 
The  lungan  prefers  a  rich,  sandy  loam  and  its  roots  should  have 
access  to  plenty  of  water.  At  Ta  t'ang  (Tai  t'ong  ;fc$t)  an  interest- 
ing form  of  planting  is  followed,  similar  to  that  sometimes  used  in 
citrus  culture.  After  the  beds  have  been  raised  up  above  the  incom- 
ing tides,  little  mounds  of  canal  earth  are  built  up  on  the  beds  several 
feet  above  the  surface  and  the  young  trees  are  then  planted  on  these 
mounds.  Year  after  year  as  the  trees  grow  more  canal  earth  is 
carried  on  to  the  beds  and  the  young  roots  are  thereby  nourished  by 
this  fresh,  rich  soil.  The  young  trees,  thus  planted,  are  often  held 
in  place  by  bamboo  supports  and  the  trunks  are  wrapped  with  rice 
straw  to  prevent  sun  scald.  When  the  trees  are  planted  upon  higher 
ground  holes  are  dug  and  the  soil  enriched.  The  trees  are  always 
planted  in  the  spring. 

In  order  to  obtain  good  results  with  lungan  the  Chinese 
recognize  the  importance  of  fertilization.  The  trees  are  fertilized 
after  picking  the  fruit;  once  during  the  winter  and  once  during 
the  flowering  season.  At  the  latter  season  the  Chinese  recognize 
that  it  is  not  well  to  feed  too  much  night  soil  or  urine  fer- 
tilizers high  in  nitrogen  but  that  they  should  feed  more  ground  bones 
and  ash.  In  low-land  culture  it  is  common  to  take  advantage  of  the 
winter  months,  when  the  waters  are  low,  to  smear  fresh  canal  mud 
o\er  the  beds.  The  results  from  this  rich  soil  are  indeed  gratifying. 

Several  interesting  customs  connected  with  the  cultivation  of 
this  fruit  are  worthy  of  note.  The  Chinese  recognize  that  consider- 
able thinning  of  the  fruit  is  usually  necessary.  It  is  a  common 
practice  to  thin  the  flowers  rather  than  the  fruit.  The  Chinese  say, 
"Lungan,  one  flower,  ten  fruits;  lychee,  ten  flowers,  one  fruit. " 
By  this  they  mean  to  point  out  the  importance  of  protecting  the 
flowers  in  lychee  culture  and  of  destroying  some  in  lungan  culture. 
Accordingly  a  large  number  of  flower-bearing  twigs  are  pruned  from 
the  trees  by  the  growers.  Mr.  W.B.  Cole1  of  Hing-hua,  Kukien, 
an  important  center  for  lungan  culture,  in  a  letter  to  the  Office  of 
Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,  said,  *  This  is  the  flowering 
season  of  the  longan.  It  is  also  the  time  when  the  pruning  is  done. 

1  Cole,  W.B. ,  from  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,    Washington,  Reports,    Correspondence, 


106  THi:  I.YCHKK  AND  U'XGAN 


About  three-fourths  of  the  spikes  of  the  rlowers  are  cut  off.  Next 
year's  fruit  comes  from  the  new  growth  from  these  pruned  branches. 
Later  on  the  fruit  on  the  bunches  is  thinned  out.  The  fruit  growers 
take  infinite  pains  with  this  fruit.  The  trees  are  also  fertilized  at  this 
season,  with  night  soil  as  a  rule.  Most  trees  are  fertilised  about  three 
times  a  year. 

The  fruit  is  picked  in  July  and  August,  and  after  Li  Tsiu 
(Lap  Ts'au  j£$v,  about  the  Chinese  8th  month  and  8th  day)  it 
is  said  to  be  very  inferior.  Practically  all  of  it  is  picked  before  that 
time  though  the  Shih  hsia  (Shek  hap  ^i^)  will  keep  a  few  days 
longer.  The  fruit  is  removed  from  the  tree  by  cutting  off  the 
clusters  with  leaves  and  branches  attached.  The  varieties  of  the 
lungan  in  point  of  earliness  appear  on  the  markets  in  the  following 
order:  Tsao  ho  (Tso  wo^-^fc),  Wu  yuan  (U  un  ,%U),  Hua 
kioh  (Fa  hok  #&),  Shih  hsia  (Shek  hap  tflfe),  and  Shep'i  (She  p'i 
fcfc$t)  •  The  trees  will  yield  up  to  four  or  five  hundred  pounds  of  fruit. 
Many  of  the  fruits  are  dried,  preferably  in  the  sun.  As  the  fruiting 
season  of  the  lungan  is  the  period  of  Kwangtung's  most  severe 
typhoons  and  driving  rains  it  is  often  difficult  to  get  the  lungan  to  the 
markets  or  to  dry  them  satisfactorily.  This  is  doubtless  a  serious 
check  to  successful  lungan  culture. 

Methods  of  Propagation 

Most  of  the  lungan  trees  in  cultivation  in  Kvvangtung  are 
either  seedlings  or  have  been  inarched.  Where  inarching  is  practiced 
the  stock  is  almost  invariably  Wu  yuan  (U  un  J^JSl)  which  is  allowed 
to  reach  a  height  of  five  or  six  feet,  requiring  from  three  to  five 
years,  before  it  is  inarched.  The  inareh  is  made  high  up  on  the 
trunk  no  less  than  four  feet  from  the  ground.  This  practice  is 
doubtless  followed  as  it  is  the  easiest  way  to  succeed  with  the  inarch 
when  the  young  plants  are  taken  to  the  parent  trees.  But  the  point 
of  union  is  at  a  weak  place  in  the  tree  and  during  the  high  winds 
there  is  a  tendency  for  the  tree  to  break  at  this  place  unless  carefully 
protected  with  bamboo  bracing  until  quite  old.  Even  in  old  trees  it 
is  usually  possible  to  determine  the  point  of  union  between  stock  and 
scion,  as  there  seems  to  be  some  little  difference  in  the  rate  of  growth 
of  the  two  and  the  bark  of  the  Wu  yuan  (U  un  &1HP  is  usually 
rougher  than  that  of  other  varieties. 

Grafting  the  lungan  is  seldom  practiced  in  Kwangtung  but 
Wu  Vino;  Kuei  C^ISS^  '  refers  to  the  art  as  practiced  on  the  lungan. 


THE  LYCHEK  107 


He  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  although  the  lungan  is  always 
grafted  on  its  own  stock  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  three  or  four  grafts 
sandwiched  between  the  stock  and  the  top,  a  practice  which  is  said 
to  develop  a  much  better  fruit.  This  sandwiching  of  grafts  consists 
of  top-working  the  lungan  to  the  lungan,  but  as  soon  as  the  scion  is 
well  established  it  is  cut  off  and  a  new  graft  inserted  in  the  new 
growth  of  wood.  This  process  is  continued  three  or  four  times. 
Mr.  Cole  says:  'The  chief  answer  the  Chinese  fruit  grower  gives 
for  this  novel  method  of  grafting  is  that  it  makes  larger  fruit.  They 
also  have  the  idea  that  it  makes  a  stronger  tree  to  withstand  the  wind. 
Typhoons  are  very  severe  along  this  coast.  This  graft  provides  a 

brace  for  the  new  graft  so  that  it  cannot  be  readily  torn  out 

This  region  in  China  has  the  reputation  for  the  best  lungan.  The 
fruit  growers  know  nothing  about  the  scientific  side  of  the  question. 
Their  objective  is  large,  sweet  fruit.  How  their  methods  do  it  they 
do  not  know.  But  it  is  true  that  they  get  results.  In  Foochow,  75 
miles  to  the  north,  where  they  are  not  so  skilled,  the  fruit  is  of  a 
decidedly  inferior  quality  having  large  pit  and  small  pulp.  Here  the 
fruit  is  large  with  small  pit  and  thick,  juicy  pulp. 

'They  tell  me  that  where  two  or  three  trunks  are  grafted 
into  one  top  that  the  good  fruit  bearing  wood  lends  its  strength  to  the 
top  making  the  entire  top  bear  large  fruit 

4  They  do  not  seem  to  have  much  success  here  in  using  the 
litchi  for  a  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  longan.  They  say  that  where 
they  succeed  it  makes  good  fruit 


There  are  ten  or  twelve  varieties  of  the  lungan  with  consider- 
able range  in  quality  and  earliness.  A  list  of  these  will  be  found  in 
the  Appendix.  An  analytical  study  of  some  of  the  best  varieties  is 
<ji\(.Mi  herewith. 


108 


Analytical     Table 


-=. 
_c 


-     1C 

'S-  - 


Number  of  fruits 
Cc.  of  juice 

Weight  of  seeds  (oz. ) 
Weight  of  flesh  (oz. ) 
Weight  of  skin  (oz. ) 
Weight  of  leaves 

and  stem  (oz. ) 
Weight  of  rag  (oz. ) 
'Longitudinal  dia.   (in.  ) 
Latitudinal  dia.   On.) 
Longitudinal  cir.    (in.) 
Latitudinal  cir.   (in. ) 


59 

62 

140 

120 

21/2 

4 

9 

7 

2  1/2 

3 

1 

j 

3 

2 

1 

1  1/16 

1 

3 

3 

3  1/8 

3 

Seed 


Rounded 


Color  of  Skin 

Ridgeway  Plate  III 


l9YO-Y-b 

Chamois 


Surface  of  Skin 


Smooth, 
dots  few 
and  small* 


Juice  all  held  within  aril  or 

some  in  skin  upon  opening 


All 
within 


Flavor 


Sweet, 
and  vinous 


Date  when  the  variety 

can  usually  be  secured 


August  10 


August 


Ltingan     Varieties 


109 


c 

a     ,* 


*•-         &       ^5 

-=  ;s  g 

r=.    _*     K? 

V3       T^E 

fV>  ',**' 

E75 

82 

38 

62 

73 

100 

160 

110 

120 

5 

3 

4 

3 

6 

8  1/2 

7 

8 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

11/2 

2 

2 

3 

21/2 

.     3 

31/2 

7/8 

-13/16 

9/16 

7/8 

15/16 

1  1/8 

1 

1 

211/16 

3  5/8 

2  I/* 

2  3/4 

2    1/4 

3  5/8 

31/4 

27/8 

Rounded 

Slightly 
elongated 

Slightly 
elongated 

Slightly 
elongated 

19  YO-Y 

Honey 
vellow 

19YO-Y-d 

Cream  buff 

21  0-YY 

Colonial 
buff 

Rough, 
thick,   dots 
close  and 

Rough, 
thick,   dots 
close  and 

Smooth, 
thick,  few 
small  dots 

Rough, 
thick,  few 
small  dots 

many 

many 

All 

Some  in 

Ail 

All 

within 

skin 

within 

within 

Sweet, 

Sweet 

Sweet  and 
juicy 

Sweet  and 
refreshing 

refreshing 
and  Hesh 

very  thick 

August     5 


August  16 


August 


August  10 


11U  THE  LYOHKK  AND  LUNG  AN 


Tin   8hik  It-sin  lung  yen   (8  lie  If,  hap  lung  ngan  fttfcJUWi)  —  The 

Stone  Gorge  Lung  an 

This  variety  is  considered  the  best  of  the  lungan.  It  had  its 
origin  in  P'  ing  chou  (  P  'ing  chau  TOfl)  of  the  Nan  hai  (  Nam  hoi  fgfg) 
district.  The  original  parent  tree  is  said  to  have  grown  out  between 
two  rocks,  which  gives  the  variety  its  name.  Investigation  in  the 
region  has  not  resulted  in  the  location  of  the  tree  nor  the  rocks  in 
which  the  tree  is  said  to  have  grown.  This  variety  is  also  known 
under  several  other  names.  The  Shih  yeh  lung  yen  (Shap  ip  lung 
ngan  ftSUfclft)  or  "Ten  leaf  lungan"  is  said  to  be  a  type  of  this  and  is 
so-called  because  the  leaflets  are  usually  ten  in  number  In  general 
there  seems  to  be  two  distinct  types  of  the  "Stone  Gorge  Lungan", 
the  black  seeded  type  and  the  brown  seeded  type.  The  former  is 
known  under  the  name  of  Hei  ho  shih  hsia  (Hak  hat  shek  hap  $Jfc 
35iSfe)  —  "The  Black  Seeded  Stone  Gorge  Lungan,  and  the  brown 
seeded  type  as  the  Chin  crTi  ho  shih  hsia  (Kam  ts'at  wat  shek  hap 


Wu  Yuan  (V  un  ,%telJ—  Black  Ball 

This  is  a  small  lungan,  probably  nearer  to  the  wild  than  any 
other  variety,  very  small,  quite  sour,  large  seed  but  widely  used  for 
stock  in  the  Ling  Nan  region.  The  leaves  of  the  tree  are  large, 
bark  rough  and  it  is  a  vigorous  grower  (fig.  58)  .  Although  the  fruits 
are  small  (fig.  59)  they  are  edible  and  usually  used  for  canning.  The 
Chinese  say  that  the  sour  taste  of  this  lungan  makes  it  better  fruit  for 
canning.  The  Kao  yuan  (Ko  un  ,%E1)  is  probably  a  type  of  this 
variety  of  somewhat  superior  quality.  It  is  also  widely  used  in  canning. 

Tsao  ho  (Tso  wo  ?-9fc)  —  Early  Ric< 

This  is  the  earliest  variety  of  lungan  and  while  not  so  good  is 
nevertheless  highly  prized.  There  is  a  type  of  this  variety  about  two 
weeks  earlier  and  called  the  Ch'i  chin  tsao  ho  (Kam  ts'at  tso  wo 


She  p'i  lung  yen   (She  p'i  lung  ngan  fcfc&fi&HR)  —  Snake    N  /,•//> 

Lungan 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  lungans  and  is  very  latr. 
The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  lychee  (fig.  60  .  The  skin  is 
rough  and  the  seed  is  large  and  the  quality  is  considered  inferior.  It 
is  produced  very  largely  at  Shih  wei  t'ang  (Shek  \vai  t'ong  fiMtfi 

The  Hua  kioh  (Fa  hok  #£$)  —  Flower  Skin 

Most  of  the  trees  of  this  variety  are  seedlings  and  the  Chines? 
recognize  it  as  one  of  the  poorest  of  the  lungan.  The  flesh  is  thin 
and  rather  tasteless. 


mv&sMF 


PLATE  XL 


FIGURE    58. — Wu   yuan — Black   ball — Lungan   Seedling   Fourteen   Months  Old. 


CHAPTER   XV 

THF,  INTRODUCTION  OF  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 
INTO  OTHER  LANDS 

Roxburgh  '  states  that  the  lychee  common  in  Bengal  was 
originally  brought  from  China.  India  is  the  only  country  into  which 
a  successful  commercial  introduction  has  been  made  and  Macmillan  2 
reports:  'This  fruit,  represented  by  different  varieties,  of  varying 
quality,  is  grown  to  great  perfection  about  Calcutta  and  elsewhere  in 
India,  and  is  commonly  sold  in  the  bazaars  when  in  season.  "  The 
lungan  and  rambutan,  introduced  into  India  in  1798,  have  always 
been  carried  side  by  side  with  the  lychee. 

Europe  became  interested  in  these  fruits  in  the  early  part  of 
the  19th  Century,  when  effort  was  made  to  introduce  them  into  both 
England  and  France.  And  it  was  doubtless  at  this  time  that  these 
plants  were  transferred  to  different  places  in  the  East  Indies  where 
their  culture  is  more  promising.  In  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science, 
1882,  we  find  the  statement:  "Attempts  have  been  made  to 
introduce  into  Trinidad  the  litchee  (Nephelium  Litchee),  and  though 
the  climate  is  too  uniformly  hot,  the  fruits  have  been  delicious, 
resembling  a  high  class  muscat  grape  in  consistency  and  flavor." 

In  1903  O.K.  Cook  and  G.N.  Collins  J  in  their  Economic 
Plants  of  Porto  Rico,  published  by  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  devoted  nearly  a  page  to  Litchi  chinensis,  calling  attention 
to  it  as  "one  of  the  fruits  most  likely  to  succeed  in  Porto  Rico  and 
likely  to  be  of  value  when  once  generally  introduced."  They 
pointed  to  the  scarcity  of  literature  on  the  results  of  experiments  on 
this  tree  in  the  West  Indies  and  to  its  successful  introduction  into 
India. 

'  Roxburgh,  William,  Flora  India;  or  description  of  Indian  plants^  2 
vol.,  Calcutta,  1832,  Vol.  2,  page  269. 

2  Macmillan.,  Hugh  F. ,  A  handbook  of  tropical  %ardenittg  and  planting, 
Colombo,  H.  W.  Cave  and  Co.,  1910,  page  177. 

*  Cook,  O.F. ,  and  Collins,  G.N. ,  Economic  plants  of  Porto  Rico.  In 
contributions  from  the  United  States  National  Herbarium,  Washington,  D.  C. , 
1903,  Vol.  8,  part  2,  pages  176  and  177. 

Ill 


112  THE  LYOHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


In  October,  1911,  a  photograph  was  received  by  the  Office 
of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  from  J.  Jones,  Curator  of  Botanic  Station  in 
Dominico,  showing  a  fruiting  branch  of  the  lychee. 

Higgins  1  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  lychee  was 
first  introduced  into  Hawaii  in  1873  by  Mr.  Ching  Check  and  since 
that  time  there  have  been  other  introductions  by  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  by  Chinese  residents.  The  Hawaii 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  Annual  Report,  1912,  portends  an 
increasing  interest  in  the  lychee  in  those  islands,  by  the  statement, 
11  the  litchi  plants  imported  from  China  direct,  and  those  received 
through  the  Office  of  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,  are  making  a 
very  satisfactory  growth,  and  may  be  regarded  as  past  the  critical 
stage."  Plate,  n  figure  2,  shows  a  tree  planted  March  14,  1908. 

Charles  Amory  at  Sanford,  Florida,  grew  specimens  of  this 
fruit  as  early  as  1883  and  Theodore  L.  Meade  at  Oviedo,  Florida, 
had  a  tree  in  1888.  The  first  lychee  tree  introduced  into  California 
was  that  planted  by  E.  D.  Hadley  about  1897.  This  was  secured 
from  Reasoner  Bros,  of  Oneco,  Florida,  who  had  imported  this 
tree  from  Seharanpur,  India;  and  in  1913  it  fruited  for  the  first 
time.  In  1914  Mr.  Bissett  and  Mr.  Wilson  Popenoe  of  the  Office 
of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  reported  the  tree  in  fruit  in 
October.  Mr.  Popenoe,  who  had  seen  fruits  in  the  Orient,  said 
that  the  fruit  of  this  tree  was  smaller  than  that  in  the  Orient,  but  that 
the  flavor  was  very  pleasant.  Prior  to  1900  there  was  a  tree  growing 
in  the  greenhouses  at  Washington.  This  flowered  but  never 
fruited. 

One  of  the  earliest  introductions  by  the  Office  of  Foreign 
Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  was  in  1907,  when  they  received  a 
shipment  of  plants  from  China  via  Shanghai.  Rev.  W.  N.  Brews- 
ter,  missionary  at  Hing-hua  fu,  Fukien,  China,  was  so  convinced 
of  the  future  of  the  fruit  in  America  that  he  imported  living  trees  at 
his  own  expense  and  between  July  1,  1907,  and  January  1,  1908,  he 
sent  to  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  interesting 
data  regarding  the  culture  of  the  lychee  and  the  lungan.  The 
photographs  submitted  were  the  first  ever  received  by  the  office 
showing  the  tree  in  bearing.  Subsequent  shipments  of  both  seeds  and 

1  Higgins,  J.E.,  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Bulletin  No.  44,  page  5. 


^7TRODUCTJON  OF  THE  LYCHKE  INTO  OTHER  LANDS       113 


plants  were  received  from  Samuel  L.  Gracey,  American  Consul, 
Foochow,  and  from  others  in  China.  From  Java,  Saharanpur  and 
Muzofferpur  plants  and  seeds  were  received.  Distributions  were 
made  to  Florida,  Cuba,  Panama,  Guam,  Porto  Rico,  Isle  of  Pines 
and  Trinidad.  Trees  of  the  Shanghai  shipment  of  1907  sent  to 
Reasoner  Bros,  of  Oneco  and  to  W.  S.  Taylor  of  Tampa,  Florida, 
fruited  in  1916,  when  both  reported  fruit  to  the  office,  those  of 
Reasoner  Bros,  being  first  received.  In  19J5Mr.  John  Ashon  of 
New  Orleans,  La.,  brought  with  him,  upon  his  return  from  China, 
forty  trees  of  the  very  best  Kwangtung  varieties.  These  he  turned 
over  to  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  but  only  a  few 
were  in  a  living  condition. 

In  the  summer  of  1915  and  1916  large  quantities  of  seeds 
were  received  from  J.  E.  Higgins,  Honolulu,  Hawaii;  from  the 
Canton  Christian  College,  Canton,  China,  and  from  Frank  N. 
iVlsyer,  Agricultural  Explorer  in  China.  Seedlings  from  these  were 
grown  at  the  government  stations  at  Rockville,  Md. ,  Chico,  Cal., 
and  Miami,  Fla.  W.  S.  Taylor  of  Tampa,  Florida,  also  received 
some  of  these  and  imported  seeds  on  his  own  initiative.  At  the 
request  of  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction, 
carefully  chosen  plants  of  the  best  varieties  were  introduced  through 
the  Canton  Christian  College  in  May,  1917.  These  were  left  at 
Honolulu  in  the  care  of  Mr.  Higgins,  as  the  boat  was  slow  and  they 
were  not  enduring  the  rigors  of  the  journey. 

Greater  success  has  been  attained  in  the  introduction  of  the 
lungan  into  Europe  and  the  United  States  than  has  been  the  case 
with  the  lychee.  It  has  fruited  in  both  Florida  and  California  and  is 
listed  on  the  catalogue  of  the  Royal  Palm  Nurseries,  Oneco, 
Florida. 

Sonic  Problems  in  Hie  Introduction  of  These  Fruits 

Unusual  care  and  attention  is  required  in  order  to  introduce 
successfully  these  interesting  fruits  into  new  countries.  The  trees  of 
both  species  are  very  tender  and  especially  susceptible  to  cold  and 
salt  air  or  salt  water.  In  the  transportation  of  selected  stock  only  the 
most  carefully  selected  position  on  the  ship  will  guarantee  sufficient 
heat  and  moisture  to  protect  the  trees  from  the  blasting  effects  of  the 
salt  sea  air.  Chinese  methods  of  propagation  do  not  encourage 
strong  root  development  and  the  tendency  of  the  average  shipper  is 
to  send  newly  layered  trees,  the  root  systems  of  which  are  not  firmly 
established. 


114  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


We  have  seen  that  unusual  precautions  are  necessary  to 
guarantee  the  successful  introduction  of  lychee  seeds  and  that  this 
method  offers  little  encouragement  for  the  acquisition  of  the  best 
varieties  as  seeds  of  these  are  not  viable. 

There  are  great  differences  in  the  varieties  of  both  the  lychee 
and  the  lungan  and  it  is  not  easy  to  be  sure  that  one  has  secured  the 
best  stock  unless  he  has  personally  supervised  the  choice  of  the 
branches  to  be  layered.  Then,  too,  it  is  difficult  to  know  which 
varieties  are  best  suited  to  the  particular  conditions  under  considera- 
tion. 

After  the  trees  are  selected  with  regard  to  their  fruiting 
qualifications  extreme  precautions  must  be  taken  to  have  them  clean 
and  to  have  the  soil  in  which  they  are  introduced  free  from  insect 
enemies  and  disease.  It  is  of  vital  importance  that  the  insects  and 
diseases  attacking  these  fruits  in  China  are  not  introduced  into  other 
countries. 

Upon  arrival  in  the  new  country  the  plants  must  be  cared  for 
by  only  those  who  have  made  special  study  of  the  natural  habitat  of 
these  plants.  The  most  careful  protection  against  frost  should  be 
given  and  the  highest  cultural  methods  administered,  especially  in  the 
case  of  the  lychee.  A  good  loam  soil,  -extraordinary  quantities  of 
water  in  the  soil  and  air,  and  sufficient  plant  food  in  available  condi- 
tion should  be  guaranteed  to  the  lychee  if  success  is  to  be  assured. 

The  hardier  varieties  of  the  lungan  give  every  promise  of 
enduring  the  climate  of  southern  Florida  and  California.  But  in  the 
planting  of  any  lychee  trees  it  must  be  remembered  that  young  trees 
are  especially  susceptible  to  frost  and  must  be  protected.  This  can 
doubtless  be  done  in  much  the  same  way  as  orange  and  lemon  trees 
are  protected.  Hsu  Po  (f&HO  1,  in  speaking  of  cultural  methods  in 
Fukien,  says:  "The  village  people  who  love  their  trees  burn  rice 
straw  under  chem  and  then  the  cold  has  no  ill  effects.  In  fall  and 
winter  they  use  wet  clay  and  manure  to  protect  the  roots.  Dead 
branches  are  cut  off  in  order  not  to  give  trouble  to  the  whole  trunk." 
The  Chinese  recognize  that  excessive  cold  is  one  of  the  most  deadly 


1  HSU  P'O  (&M),  Li  Chih  P'u  (^£ft)  in  Kit  Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng  (-£^ISft3l;£),  Po  Wu  Hui  Pien  UfftgiB),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
(?**),  section  274  (fc-lHrHW),  U  Chih  Pu  2  (&*«&-),  paffr  4 


INTRODUCTION  OF  THE  LYCHF.K  INTO~OTHKK  LANDS        115 


enemies  of  the  plant  and  they  often  wrap  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
young  trees  with  rice  straw.  Ts'ai  Hsiang  f^H)1  reports:  'The 
lychee  tree,  when  first  planted,  dreads  the  cold,  and  until  it  is  five  or 
six  years  old  it  should  be  protected  during  the  depths  of  winter  from 
frost,  snow  and  sleet." 

The  fruiting  trees  at  the  Royal  Palm  Nurseries  at  Oneco, 
Florida,  are  under  cover.  Mr.  E.  N.  Reasoner,  in  a  letter  to  the 
writer  dated  September  6,  1917,  said  :  '*  When  the  severe  cold  wave 
came  in  February  last  we  protected  the  small  lychees  so  they  had  no 
exposure;  the  fruiting  trees  in  the  large  shed  were  under  cloth  roof 
and  had  fire  protection,  but  we  did  not  start  fires  until  the  temper- 
ature in  the  shed  was  down  to  about  28  or  2V,  and  in  consequence 
the  mango  trees  standing  next  row  to  the  lychees  were  severely  cut 

back The  lychees  were  just  starting  a  flush  and  the  leaves  were 

tender,  but  not  killed  at  all,  and  no  damage  resulted  to  them  in  any 
way.  " 


1  TS'AI  HSIANG  (££),  Li  Chih  P'u  (&£tg)  in  Ku  Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi 
Cheng:  (#^H|^J&),  Pu  Wu  Hid  Pien  (If4^^i^),  TSao  Muh  Tien 
(£*»),  section  273  (-W-fc-fH*),  U  Chih  Pu  1  (&$«-),  page  4 
(*«*). 


CHAPTER  XVI 

SUMMARY 

The  lychee  and  the  lungan  are  two  delicious  and  attractive 
fruits  of  South  China  origin.  The  former  is  so  highly  prized  by 
jthe  Chinese  that  it  has  become  the  subject  of  song  and  verse  by 
Chinese  poets  and  and  of  lengthy  treatises  by  Chinese  writers  and 
officials.  A  study  of  Chinese  literature  reveals  interesting  historical 
data  with  regard  to  the  names  of  these  fruits  and  their  importance  in 
the  life  of  the  Chinese  people.  Chinese  methods  of  propagation  and 
culture  are  therein  disclosed,  a  knowledge  of  which  should  lead  to 
more  successful  treatment  in  the  introduction  of  these  fruits  to  other 
lands. 

European  travellers  to  China  have  continuously  reported  the 
lychee  and  the  lungan  since  1585,  seventy-one  years  after  the  dis- 
covery of  the  sea  route  to  China  in  1514.  Botanists  have  thoroughly 
studied  these  important  species  and  they  are  now  attracting  the 
attention  of  western  horticulturists. 

The  whole  group  of  sapindaceous  fruits,  including  especially 
the  sub-tropical  lychee  and  lungan,  and  also  the  tropical  rambutan 
and  pulassan,  deserve  more  adequate  consideration  as  promising 
fruits  for  culture  in  the  West.  The  lychee  and  lungan  are  the 
subject  of  this  work.  Sufficient  botanical  information  regarding  the 
relationships  of  these  two  species  is  at  hand  to  warrant  a  series  of 
experiments  wrhich  should  prove  of  value  to  the  Occident  in  the 
cultivation  of  these  fruits. 

The  lychee  grqjvs  luxuriantly  in  the  river  deltas  of  the  prov- 
inces of  Kvvangtung  and  Fukien.  The  tree  is  well  adapted  to  dyke 
conditions  and  in  the  delta  of  the  Pearl  river,  where  there  are 
hundreds  of  miles  of  dykes,  the  lychee  industry  has  grown  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  warrant  whole  villages  devoting  themselves  exclusively 
to  its  propagation.  A  lychee  park  has  even  been  established  near 
Canton.  The  lungan  thrives  under  somewhat  drier  conditions  and 
the  industry  has  been  developed  more  extensively  in  Fukien  than  in 
Kwangtung.  The  lungan  will  endure  more  cold  than  the  lychee,  but 
both  suffer  severely  from  heavy  frosts.  They  attain  their  best 
development  where  the  winters  are  mild  and  dry  and  the  summers 
hot  and  humid. 

116 


sr.MMAKY  11 


Chinese  farmers  give  strict  attention  to  the  cultural  methods 
of  both  of  these  fruits.  In  the  case  of  lychee  they  practice  djke, 
raised  bed  and  upland  culture.  Loam  soils,  or  those  which  readily 
hold  soil  moisture,  are  preferable.  River  muds  are  ideal  for  the  lychee 
and  it  will  endure  excess  quantities  of  moisture  and  floods  of  great 
duration.  The  Chinese  are  intensive  feeders  of  these  trees  and 
practice  mulching  and  careful  frost  protection. 

Chinese  methods  of  propagation  of  the  lychee  consist  chiefly 
in  "Chinese  air-layering"  desirable  parent  trees.  They  sometimes 
inarch  good  small-seeded  varieties  upon  the  large-seeded  and  more 
hardy  stock?.  Grafting  the  lychee  and  lungan  is  extensively  practiced. 
The  known  wild  relatives  of  the  lychee  and  the  lungan  open  a 
promising  field  for  the  determination  of  new  and  better  methods  of 
propagation  and  for  the  creation  of  hybrids. 

The  lychee  is  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  fruits  in 
China.  The  history  of  its  trade  and  transportation,  and  of  the  fruit 
formerly  paid  to  royalty,  is  most  interesting  and  instructive.  The 
Chinese  have  many  methods  for  the  preservation  of  both  of  these 
fruits  and  large  quantities  of  the  dried  product  are  exported.  It  is 
claimed  that  the  lungan  has  certain  medicinal  qyalities  and  large 
quantities  of  a  preparation  known  as  lungan  pulp  are  exported  from 
Formosa. 

There  are  numerous  insect  enemies  and  diseases  of  these 
fruits  and  the  introduction  of  more  modern  methods  of  combating 
them  should  prove  of  value  to  the  Chinese.  Great  care  must  be 
taken  not  to  introduce  these  enemies  into  western  countries. 

Chinese  writers  have  listed  scores  of  varieties  of  the  lychee, 
but  no  careful  elimination  or  classification  has  been  attempted.  A 
more  thorough  study  of  the  mountain  and  water  types  of  lychee 
should  be  made  and  greater  effort  to  extend  the  dry  culture  of-  the 
fruit  should  be  attempted. 

These  fruits  have  been  successfully  introduced  into  India  and 
considerable  work  has  been  done  with  their  introduction  into  Europe 
and  southern  United  States.  It  is  known  that  they  will  produce 
fruit  in  the  West  Indies  and  Hawaii.  Special  attention  has  recently 
been  given  to  the  lychee  in  Hawaii.  A  number  of  problems  are 
connected  with  their  introduction,  chief  among  which  are  the  difficul- 
ties of  carefully  selecting  the  best  varieties  for  the  new  conditions, 
care  in  transportation  and  protection  from  salt  water  and  cold. 


118  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


No  effort  should  be  too  great  to  bring  about  a  successful 
commercial  introduction  of  the  lychee  into  the  sub-tropical  regions 
of  the  West.  Search  for  cold  resistant  strains  should  be  made  in  the 
hope  of  growing  this  fruit  in  Florida  and  California,  and  the  very  best 
strains  of  the  more  tropical  forms  should  be  more  widely  cultivated 
in  the  West  Indies  and  in  Hawaii.  The  fact  that  the  lychee  is  a 
tree  which  responds  very  quickly  to  a  peculiar  type  of  water  culture, 
as  practiced  by  the  Chinese  living  in  the  river  deltas  in  South  China, 
should  lend  interest  to  its  possibilities  for  the  low  and  undeveloped 
swamp  regions  of  the  United  States. 

The  words  of  Dr.  Bonavia  l  with  regard  to  the  introduction 
of  the  lychee  into  India  in  an  article  which  he  contributed  co  the 
Pioneer  and  which  has  been  quoted  in  the  Economic  Products  of 
India  by  George  Watt  are  applicable  to  western  introduction.  He 
said:  *  Here  then  is  a  fruit  tree  which  resists  the  heaviest  rains,  and 
stands  the  hottest  winds,  and  also  the  frosts  of  these  provinces 
(North- West  Provinces).  Moreover,  it  bears  annually  an  abundant 
crop  of  fine,  well  flavored  and  aromatic  fruit,  which  can  readily  be 
sent  to  distant  markets  without  injury.  Instead  of  being  planted  by 
the  one  or  two,  it  should  be  planted  by  the-thousand.  Of  all  I  know 
of  the  hardiness" and  fruitfulness  of  this  remarkable  tree,  I  feel 
confident  that  if  any  individual  (or  company),  possessing  the 
necessary  capital,  were  to  plant  an  extensive  orchard  of  litchi  trees, 
say  where  canal  water  would  be  easily  obtained,  or  where  well  water 
is  within  easy  reach,  he  would  very  profitably  make  a  life-long 
business  of  it." 

(  1  Bonavia,  Dr.,  in  Watt,  George,  A  dictionary  of  the  economic  products  r,J 
India,   1891,  6  vol.,  Calcutta,  vol.   5,  page  347. 


APPENDIX  I 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OK  CHINESK  REFERENCES  ON 
THE  LYCHEE  AND  THE  LUNG  AN 


\     Ch*  en  T'ing    (BMft),    Li   Chih   P'u 

Library  Cong.  C338.51  V.  5 
2     Ch'en    Ting    Kuo    (tt£H),    Li    Chih    P'u 

Library  Cong.  C3.48.51  V.97 

I  Hsu  P'o  (ffcttO,  Li  Chih  P'u  (3fc.*»\  in  Ku  Chin  Tu 
Shu  Chi  Cheng  (#3«liJft),  Po  Wu  Hui  Pien 
(IftifSli),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  (?**),  section  274 
L»  Chih  Pu  2  (aiflRn),  pages  1-5 


Library  Cong.  373.12  V.157 

4  Lin  Ssu  Huan  (*KIB),  Li  Chih  P'u 

Library  Cong.  C338.5  V.6 

5  Sung  Chia  (*a),   Li  Chih  P'u    (£«»),  in'Ku  Chin 

Tu  Shu  Chi  Cheng    (*^HS||lft),    Po   Wu   Hui 
Pien  (l^HiBS),  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  (^TJC^L),  section 
273.(nfc-trt-H*),  Li  Chih  Pu  1  («$«-),  pages 
6-11  (^M-t-K) 
Library  Cong.   C373.  12  V.  157 

6  Tang  Tao  Hsieh  («£»),  Li  Chih  P'u  (ifcttifc),  in  Ku 

ChinTu  Shu   Chi   Cheng   (*^H¥J«lft),    Po  Wu 
Hui   Pien    (ft&Sli),   Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
section  274  (rtW-trW&),  Li  Chih  Pu  2  ( 
pages  5-7  (£.$.-bK). 

Library  Cong.    C373.12  V.I  57 
1  19 


120  THE  LVOHEK  AND  LUNGAN 


7  Ts'ai  Hsiang  (gtf),  Li  Chih  P'u  (&$»),  in  Ku 
Chin  Tu  Shu  Chi  Cheng  (#^«31;£),  Po  Wu 
Hui  Pien  (tf«$i>,  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien 
section  273  :  r^T-trf  H#  )  ,  Li  Chih  Pu  I  ( 
pages  2-5  'r:3?2ul€). 

Library  Cong.    C373.12  V.  105. 


8  Ts'ao  Fan  (*$>,  Li  Chih  P'u  (££».  ,  in  Ku  Chin 
Tu  Shu  Chi  Cheng  te^gW&jfc),  Po  Wu  Hui 
Pien  (If«!i0,  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  (]£*»),  section 
273  (-tf-fc-t-H*),  Li  Chih  Pu  1  (a£«-),  pages 
12-13  (t-M-t-HK). 

Library  Cong.    C373.12  V.157. 


9     Wu    Ying   K'uei    (&*a),    Ling  Nan   Li   Chih    P'u 
,  in  Ling  Nan   I  Shu    (affitfH).  book 

,  six  sections  (^>N«'. 
Library  Cong.    C338.37  V.65. 


Miscellaneous  Chinese  Works  Referring  to  Lychec  <ind  Liaig 


an 


10     Chao  TaiTs'ung  Shu  (««»«),   1876,    Chang  Shan 
Lai    (3»Ui*),   48. 

Library  Cong.  C338.51  V.  5  &  V.97. 


11  Chih  Wu  Ming  Shih  Tu  K?ao  (ffi^r«!^H^),    1849, 

WuCh'i-Hsun  ^%KJt),  17:46-95;  31:10. 
Library  Cong.  C283.5. 

12  Ch'in  Ting  Ssu  K'u  Ch'uan  Shu  TVung  Mu 

*^««H),  1868,  116:36. 
Library  Cong.    C342.20. 

13  Ching  Shih  Cheng  Lei  Ta  Kuan   Pen   Tso 

,  23:22-23. 

Library  Cong.  C103.  14  1. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHINESE  REFERENCES  121 


14  Ku  Chin  T'u  Shu  Chi  Cheng  (#+WMlJft), 
Hui  Pien  fftftiftf^.  Ts'ao  Muh  Tien  ' 
Chapt.  273-277. 

Library  Cong,    CHS.  75. 

1  S      Knang  Ch'un  Fang  P'u  :.J&$#ffj),  1708,  Pci  Wen  Chai 
(«*#»,  Chapt.   60-62. 
Library  Cong.  C283.3. 

1h     Liner  Nan  1  Shu  (affiattf),  -1826,  Line  Nan  Li  Chih  Pu 
'*»ail£:*u»),  Wu  YingKuei  i^Ka1- 
Library  Cong.  C338.  37. 

17      Lint:   Wai   Tai  Ta   (at^-f^^),    1773,   Choit  Ch'u  Fci 


Library  Cono.  C338.45. 

18      Luntr  Wei    Pi    Shu    (8|$f&&),    1794,   Ma  Chun    Lang 
'x«ttK),  11:1- 

Library  C:OIIK.  C338.47  V.6. 

1.9      Pei  Wen  Yun  I'u  ^«X«lff),  1826,  4:  1.  . 
Library  Cong.  C348.48. 

20  Pen  Tsao  Kanjr  Mu  ^l^^g),    1596    F,i   Shih    ChenK 

(^B^gr).   31:4-7. 

Library  Conir.    C103.21. 

21  Se  Fu  (•««),   Chapt.  157. 

Library  COHK.    C373.  1.2  V.I  57. 


Fukien 

22  Fuhkien  Tun«r  Chih  fMa*e),  1871,  Wu  Tana 

59:  7-10,  /U,  :«,  45. 
Library  Conu.   B192.F3. 

23  Ch'uanChouFu  Ma  Hang  Ting  (jglfH^JS^Ifli),  1893 

Wang  ChiaTing  ^»),  12:  5-5. 
Librarv  Conu.   1U92.  F4  G85. 


122  THE  LYCHKK  ANJ)  l.UNGAN 


24  Fu  Chou  Fu    Chih    (lMjft£),  1754,  Hsu    Ching    Hsi 

(fc**),  25:11-15. 

Library  Cong.  B192.F4. 

Kwangsi 

25  Kuangsi  Trung    Chih    (lJtHM;£),    1800,    Chi    Chins 

(££),  89:6;  90:18;  91:1,  11;  92:1,  7;  93:9. 
Library  Cong.  B192.K5. 

26  P'ing  Lo  Fu  Chih  (^*&fcg;,  1877,  Ching  Una  (^  >. 

25:3. 
Szechwan 

27  Ssuch'uan  T'ung  Chih  (KJUMjgO,  1815,  CVang  Ming 

(*W),   74:6,  9,  16,  29,  40;  75:64,  65. 
Library  Cong.  B192.S7. 

28  Chung    Ching 'Fu   Chih    (jtS^S),  184.4,   Yu    Ching 

(.^),  3:48. 

Library  Cong.  B192.S73C83. 
Kweichow 

29  Kuei  Chou  Fu  Chih  (*^'Jtl;^;^),  1827,  Erh  Cheng  (&&). 

14:5. 

Library  Cong.  B192.S73K7. 

30  Yunnan  T'ung  Chih  (TOjiffiu^O,  1855,  Chao  Shen  Chen 

(ffltR^),  67:23. 

Library  Cong.   B192.Y5. 

Kwunytung    Annals   arranged    according    to    Prfftclurf.s    and 
Districts 

3  1      Kwangtung  Timg  Chih  ( 'UDliM^^,  edited  by  Yuan  Yuan 
(Be*;',  1864.      Book  34  (H-r*H*),  59:12. 

32  Kwangchow   Fu   Chih    ij^M1!;^^},   edited  by  Shui  Lin 

(*$M),  1880.      Book  7  (-fc#)  16:10-11. 

33  Nanhai     Hsien    Chih    (|f|^^i£),    edited    by    Iran    ^'ao 

Chith  ^if^tii),  1836. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHINESE  REFERENCES  123 


34  Nanhai  Hsien  Chih  ($tW&£),  edited  by  Cheng  Meng 

Yu  (JS&#=E),  1872.     Book  6  (*#),  8:26. 

35  P'anyu    Hsien   Chih    ($fif&£),    edited  by  Li  Fu  Tai 

($£*),  1872.     Book  2  (-#),  7:3. 

36  Shunteh  Hsien  Chih  (jMUBft),  edited  by  Ting  Nan 

(BW),  1853.     Book  2  (r#),  3:45. 

37  Tungkwan  Hsien  Chih  (jK^HSijg),  edited  by  Peng  Jen 

Chieh  (»A«),  1/99.     Book  7  (-fc#),  40:2. 

38  Ts'unghwa  Hsien  Chih  (^«&£),  edited  by  Kuo  Yu 

Hsi  (»MR),  1908,      Book  2  (r#),  2:82. 

39  Lungmen   Hsien    Chih    (f|H8&£0,   edited  by  Yu  Wen 

(US),  1851.      Book  2  (-#),  3:24. 

40  Sinning  Hsien  Chih  (&*&&),  edited  by  Ho   Fu    Hai 

(ratf»),  1892.     Book  3  (H#),  8:13. 

41  Tsengch'eng   Hsien   Chih   (it^KsK),   edited  by  Chao 

Chun  («0fe),  1810.      Book  2  (r*),  1:2. 

42  Hsiangshan  Hsien  Chih  fem&&),  edited  by  Lin  Chu 

Huai  (WRIB),  1828. 

43  Hsiangshan  Hsien  Chih  ($Ul&&),   edited  by  Chen  Li 

(««),  1880.     Book  2  (r#),  5:24,  25,  22:70. 

44  Sinhwei    Hsien    Chih    (if't'iS&ife),    edited    Lin    Hsing 

Chang  («0«),  1841.     Book  2  (r#),  2:66. 

45  Shanshui  Hsien  Chih  (H*|fcK),  1818.  Book  1  (-#), 

1:49. 

46  Ts'ingyuen  Hsien  Chih  (&&!££ ),  edited  by  Li  Wen 

Hsuan  (4£«*i),  1880.     Book  1  (-#),  2:22. 

47  Sinngan   Hsien   Chih   (ir^lK^),   edited  by  Shu   iMou 

Kuan  (ffSrar),  1819.      Book  2  (r*),  3:3. 

48  Hwa    Hsien    Chih'  (#«&),    edited    by  Wang  Yung 

Ming  (I**),  1867.     Book  3  (a*),  3:39. 

49  Chaoking  Fu   Chih    («ftjff&),    edited  by   Wang  Yu 

Shih  (3Ea»),  1877.      Book  3  (H*),  3:40,  41. 


124  THF,  LYCHF.K  ANJ)   LUNG  AN 


50  Kaoyao    Hsien    Chih    (MMt&)V  edited  by  Hsia  Hsiu 

Shu  (ltfc&),  1827.     Book  2  (-#),  4:15-16. 

51  S'/.ehwei  Hsien  Chih  (W^H^J,  edited  by   Chen    Chih 

Che    (fc&Sft),   1897.     Book      ,3:8,   80.     Book   S 
<H#),  1:81. 

52  Ngenp'ing    Hsien    Chih    (j&T^^O,    edited    by    Yang 

Hsueh  Yen  («*£),  1826.    Book  5  (•£#)',  16: 16. 

53  Tehking  Chow  Chih  (feRMfc),  edited  by  Yang  Wen 

Chun    (&£$).   Book  3  (H#),    3:  40,  41.      Book 
,  11:7. 

54  Shaochow    Fu    Chih    (ffiWjfc}&),    edited    by    Lin   Shu 

Hsun  (tt&tlll),  1875.      Book  7  (-b#>,  11:38. 

55  Kuhkiang  Hsien  Chih  (jfe&fl$&),  edited  by  Cheng  Hsi 

Ching  («H«\  1875.     Book  6  (-A*),  12:20. 

56  Hweichow   Fu   Chih    (j&W/friSO,    edited   by   Lu   Ying 

K'uei  (S«^),  1688. 

57  Hweichow   Fu    Chih    (£JHjfiF;&),   edited  by    Liu   Kuei 

Nien  (a«^),  1881.      Book  20  (##),  45:23. 

58  Haifung    Hsien    Chih    (^IHiS),    edited    by    Yu    Pu 

Hsiung  v^bJg),  1751.      Book  2  (n*),  6:53. 

59  Ch'aochow  Fu  Chih  (JIQM^WJ,  edited  by  Chang  Chieh 

Ch'i  (mftm\  1763.     Book  22  (#n#),  39:8. 

60  Ch'aoyang   Hsien   Chih    (^l^|^),   edited   by    T'ang 

Wen  Tsao  (j»*8|),  1820. 

61  Ch'aoyang    Hsien    Chih    iHKUftftOj    edited   by  Chou 

Heng  Chung  (rafim),  1885.    Book  5  (3D*;),  11:6. 

62  Leichow  Fu  Chih  (i^H/fr;£   ,  edited  by  Lei  Hsueh  Hai 

(»*»),  1811.      Book  2  (-*),  2:50. 

63  Suik'i  Hsien  Chih  (&g|!!&;iO,  edited  by  Yu  Ping  Yung 

(*«»),  1849.      Book  5  (3DtO,  10:4. 

64  K'iungchovv  Fu  Chih  (JtjW^Jii),    edited   by  Lin  Lung 

Pin  (ttfttf),  1891.      Book  3  (H#),  5:17. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHINF.SF  I1KFERKNCKS  125 


65  K'iuntrshan  Hsien  Chih  (^0tHi|jll,    edited   by  Li  Wen 

Hsuan  (*££>,  1801-1803.      Hook  2  (-#),. 3:8. 

66  Ch'engmai    Hsien    Chih    (JtiSl&tO,    edited   by    Hsieh 

Chi  Shao  (OTIffS),   1909.      Book.l  (-#),  2:40. 

67  Tingngan  Hsieh  Chih  (MMKIfr)^  edited  by  Wu  Ying 

Lien  (£Kflg),  1879.      Book  2  (.-#),  1:7. 

08      Wench 'ang  Hsien  Chih    (&HS!&i£0,    edited  by   Chang 
P'ei  (»»),  1719.      Book  1  (-#),  2:3. 

h9      Liukao  Hsien   Chih    (Ki.si!^^),    edited  by  Nieh    Ch'i 
Ch'inir  (*jflf«),  1893.      Book  2  (-#),  4:15. 

70  Kiehyantr    Hsien    Chih    (^|^|$^j,    edited   by  Liu  Yeh 

Ch'iu  (8m$h),  1780. 

71  Kiehyang   Hsien    Chih    (tWI^),    edited  by  Li  Hsing 

Hui  (^£»),  1891.     Book6.(-A*),  7:5 

72  Jaop'ing   Hsien   Chih    (gHM&£),    edited  by  Liu   Pien 

(«t|i),  1687.      Book  5  (X#),  11:13. 

73  Ch'enghai    Hsien    Chih    (Jf«s),    edited  by  Li  Shu 

Chi  ($*§),  1814.     Book  7  (4;#),  23:7. 

74  Lienchow   Fu   Chih    (l^jHIf^J,   edited  by   Chang  Yu 

Ch'un  (»#£),  1834.      Book  3  (=#),  6:2. 

75  Meuming  Hsien  Chih  (1^^^^),  edited  by  Cheng  Yeh 

Ch'ung  (jffi$g),  1888.      Book  1  (-*),  1:77. 

76  Tienpeh     Hsien    Chih    (t&$&£0,    edited    by    Chang 

Hung  (-£$),  1827. 

77  Tienpeh    Hsien   Chih    (*&»&),   edited  by  Sun  Chu 

(»»),  1893.     Book  2  (-*),  4:1. 

78  Shihch'eng  Hsien   Chih    (stfi«K5K),   edited  by   Chang 

Ta  K'ai  (»*SH). 

79  Shihch'eng  Hsieh  Chih    (?JJ«ytt3fe),    edited  by  Chiang 

T'ing  Kuei  (jflfgtt),  1893.     Book  2  (-*),  2:41. 


126  THE  LVCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


80  Loting  Chow  Chih  (&&WJ&),   1731.      Book  1  (-#), 

1:39. 

81  Sining  Hsien  Chih  (H^IS),  edited  by  Chu  Yu  Tsung 

(tS»S5)  1831.     Book  2  (r#),  3:19. 

82  Wan    Chow  Chih    (««&),    1829.      Book    1   (-#), 

3:25. 

83  Kinchow  Chih  (&*H:iO,    edited  by   Chu  Ch'un  Nien 

(*Mf¥),  1835.     Book  2  (-*),  1:55. 

84  Changhwa    Hsien    Chih    (gifc«KK\    1897.      Book   1 

(-*),  1:18. 

85  Yangkiang  Hsien   Chih    (»i«iSO,    edited  by  Li  Yun 

(:^S),  1813.      Bookl  (-#),  1:7. 


APPENDIX  II 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WESTERN  REFERENCES 
ON  THE  LYCHEE. 

1 00  Anderson,  Thomas,  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  Journal, 

1863.     vol.  32:199. 

Library  of  Congress  AS472.  B3. 

101  Aiton,    William,    1731-1793,     Hortus    kewensis:       A 

catalogue  of  plants  cultivated  in  the  Royal  botanic 
garden,  Kew.  3  vol.,  London,  Printed  for  G. 
Nicol,  1789.  vol.  2:36. 

102  Atkinson,  Edwin  T. ,  Notes  on  the  Economic  Products 

of  the  North- Western  Provinces,  1881.  PartV., 
page  57. 

103  Baillon,     Henri     Ernest,     1827-1895.       The    natural 

history  of  plants.      8  vol.,     London,    L.    Reeve  & 
Co.,  1871-1888.    vol.,   5:350,377,394,395,396. 
Library  of  Congress  QK97.  B15. 

104  Baillon,    Henri    Ernest,    1827-1895,    Dictionnaire    de 

botanique.  4  vol.,  Paris,  Hachette  et  cie,  1876-92, 
page  425. 

Library  of  Congress  QK7.B15. 

105  Beddome,     R.H.,    1830-1911,     Contributions   to    the 

botany  of  Southern  India  in  the  Madras  Journal  of 
Literature  and  Science,  July,  1864,  pages  39,  40. 

106  Beddome,    R.  H.,    1830-1911,    Transactions   of    the 

Linnean  Society  of  London.  30  Vol.,  London, 
1791-1875.  vol.  25:212. 

Library  of  Congress  QH1.L6. 

127 


128  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


107  Beddome,  R.  H.,  1830-1911,   Icones  plantarum  indiac 

orientalis  or  plates  and  descriptions  of  new  and  rare 
plants  from  southern  India  and  Ceylon.  Madras, 
Gantz  Bros.,  1874,  page  21;  PI.  cm,  CCLXXXV, 
page  67. 

108  Bentham,    George,    1800-1884,   Flora  hongkongensis: 

a  description  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  the 
island  of  Hongkong.  London,  L.  Reeve,  1861, 
page  47. 

Library,  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  460B44. 

109  Bentham,    George,    1800-1884,   Genera  plantarum  ad 

exemplaria  imprimis  in  herbariis  kewensibus  servata 
definita.  3  vol.,  Londini,  Reeve  &  Co.,  1862-83. 
Vol.  1:405,  406. 

Library  of  Congress  QK97.B47. 

110  Bentham,     George,     1800-184,   Flora  australiensis:    a 

description  of  the  plants  of  the  Australian  territory. 
7  vol.,  London,  L.  Reeve  &  Co.,  1863-1878. 
Vol.  1:464,  465. 

Library,  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  460 844 F. 

111  Birdwood,    George    Christopher  Molesworth,  M.D., 

Catalogue  of  the  Vegetable    Products   of  the   Pres- 
,  idency     of    Bombay.      Bombay,      1865.       Second 

Edition,  No.  48. 

112  Blanco,  Manuel,  1778-1845,   Flora  de   Filipinas  segun 

el  sistema  sexual  de  Linneo.      Manila,    C.    Lopez, 
1837.     Vol.  2:199,  200,  201,  288. 
Library  of  Congress  QK368.B6. 

113  Blasdale,  Walter  C. ,   A   description   of  some   Chinese 

vegetable  food  materials.  Bulletin  No.  68,  U.S. 
Dept.  of  Agriculture,  1899,  pages  42,  43,  45. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WESTERN  REFERENCES  129 


114  Blume,    Karl  Ludwig,    1796-1862,    Bijdragen    tot  dc 

flora  van  Nederlandsch  Indie.  2  vol.,  Batavia,  Ter 
Lands  drukkerij,  1825-26,  page  233. 

Library,  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  460B62B. 

115  Blume,     Karl   Ludwig,     1796-1862,    Rumphia;    sive, 

Commentationes  botanicae  imprimis  de  plantis 
Indiae  Orientalis.  4  vol.,  Lugduni  Batavorum, 
prostat  Amstelodami,  apud  C.G.  Sulpke,  1835-48. 
vol.  3:106-111. 

Library  of  Congress  QK341.B65. 

116  Bois,    D.,     Quelques    arbres  fruitiers     Indo-Chinois, 

January,  1907,   page  5. 

117  Boym,   Michael,    in    Thevenot,  Melchisedech,    1620- 

1692,  Relations  de  divers  voayges.  2  vol.,  Paris, 
A.  Pralard,  1683,  page  20. 

Library  of  Congress  G159.T39. 

118  Bretschneider,      Emil    Vasilievich    1833-1P01,     Early 

European  Researches  into  the  Flora  of  China,  1880, 
Shanghai,  1881. 

119  Bretschneider,    Emil    Vasilievich,    1833-1901,   History 

of  Early  European  Botanical  Discoveries.  2vol., 
London,  S.  Low,  Marston  &  Co.,  1898. 

120  Camello,    Georgio    Josepho,     Herbarum    aliarumquc 

stirpium  in  insulo  Luzone  philippinarum  (Appendix 
to  John  Pay's  Historia  plantarum),  1704,  pages  53 
and  54. 

121  Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus  de,  1778-1841,-  Prodromus 

systematis    naturalis    regni    vegetabilis.       17    vol., 
Parisiis,  Treuttel  et  Wu'rtz,  1824-73,  page  611. 
Library  of  Congress  QK97.C2. 


130  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAJS 


122  Candolle,    Alphonse   Louis   Pierre   Pyramus  de,    1806- 

1893,  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants.      New  York,  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.,   1902,  pages  314,  315,  316. 
Library  of  Congress  SB107.C25. 

123  Cyclopedia  of  India  and  of  Eastern  and  Southern  Asia. 

vol.  2,  page  1086. 

124  Cook,  O.F.,    &  Collins,  G.  H.,   Economic   Plants  of 

Porto  Rico  In  Contributions  from  the  United 
States  National  Herbarium,  Washington,  D.  C., 
1903.  vol.,  8,  Pt.  2:  176,  177. 

125  Corsa,  W.  P. ,  Nut  culture  in  the  United  States,  embrac- 

ing native  and  introduced  species,  1896,  page  105. 
Library,  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 

126  Dalzell,   Nicol  Alexander,    1817-1878,    The   Bombay 

flora,  1861,  Bombay,  Education  Society's  press. 
Suppl.  13:13,  35. 

Library,  U.S.  Dept.  Agriculture  460D17. 

127  Dapper,   Olfert,   d.  1690,    Gedenkwaerdig  bedryf  der 

Nederlandsche  Oost-Indische  maetschappye,  op  de 
kuste  en  in  het  keizerrijk  van  Taising  of  Sina.  1 
vol.,  Amsterdam,  J.  van  Meurs,  1670,  pages  208, 
209. 

Library  of  Congress  DS708.D22. 

128  Desfontes,  Rene,  1750-1833,     Tableau  de  1'Ecole  de 

Botanique,  1815.  Paris,  J.  A.  Bresson,  1815,  page 
159. 

Library  of  Congress  2K73.  P2D3. 

129  Desfontes,     Rene,     1759-1833,     Catalogus   plantarum 

Horti  regii  parisiensis.  Parisus,  J.  S.  Chaude,  1829, 
page  230. 

Library  of  Congress  QK73.P2D4 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WESTERN  REFERENCES  131 


1.40      Dictionnaire   dt-s   sciences  naturelles,    1823.      60  v.ol., 
Strasbourg,    F.    G.   Levrault;     Paris,    Le  Normant. 
1816-30,  panes  57,  58,  59,  60. 
Library  of  Congress. QH 13.  1)5. 

131  Dictionary    of    Popular    Names  of   Plants,    1882,  pages 

248,  249 

132  Don,    Geqrge,    1798-1856,   A   general   history  of  the 

dichlamydous  plants.      4  vol.,    London,  J.  G.  6c  F. 
Rivington,  1831-38,  pages  654,  655,  670,  671. 
Library  of  Congress  QK97. 1)5. 

133  Du    Halde,   Jean    Baptiste,    1674-1743,    The    general 

history  of  Cnina.     4vol.,  London,.!.  Watts,  1736, 
pages  19,  20,  170,  171,  172,  230. 
Library  of  Congress  DS708.86. 

134  Dunn,  Stephen  Troyte,  1868,  Flora  of  Kwangtung  and 

Hongkong.  London,  Darling  &  Son,  Ltd.,  1912, 
pages  66,  67.  » 

Library,    U.S.   Dept.    Agriculture  89K51A. 

135  Edward's   Botanical   Register,    1835.      33  Vol.,    1815- 

1847.     vol.  7;  1729. 

•136  Endlicher,  Stephano,  Genera  Plantarum  secundum 
OrdinesNaturales,  1836-1840.  2vol.,  Yindobonae, 
F.  Beck,  1836-40,  page  1071  -  Nephelium. 

137  Forbes,  Francis  Blackvvell,  1839-1908,  An  enumeration 

of  all  the  plants  known  from  China  proper, 
Formosa,  Hainan,  Corea,  the  Luchu  archipelago, 
and  the  island  of  Hongkong.  In  Journ.  Linnean 
Society,  vol.  23,  26,  36,  page  139. 

138  Fortune,  Robert,  1813-1880,   Three  years' wanderings 

in  the  northern  provinces  of  China.  London,  1847, 
John  Murray  pages  ^35,  384. 

139  Gamble,   J.  S.,   A  Manual  of    Indian    Timbers.    1781 

Calcutta,   1881,  page  97. 


1  32  THK  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


140  Gartner,  Jospeh,  1732-1791,  DC  fructibus  et  seminibvs 

plantarvm.  2  vol.,  Stvtgardiae,  Academiae  Caro- 
linae,  .1788-91.  3  vol.,  l/ipsiae,  C.  F.  E.  Richteri, 
1801-07,  pages  197,  198. 

Library  of  Congress  QK699.G113,  QK699.G12. 

141  (Gazetteer  of  the    Bombay    Presidency,    1886.       Vol. 

XXV,  pages  52  and  150. 

142  Georgeson,  C.  C.,    The  Economic  plants  of  Japan.    .In 

the  American  Garden,  1891.     Vol.  12:962,  270. 

143  Graham,  John,  1805-1839,    A  catalogue  of  the  plants 

growing  in  Bombay  and  its  vicinity.  Bombay, 
Govt.  Press.,  1839,  page  29. 

Library,  U.S.  Dept.  Agriculture  460G76. 

144  Grosier,  Jean  Baptiste  Gabriel  Alexandra,    1743-1823, 

A  general  description  of   China.     2  vol.,  London, 
G.  Y.  and  J.  Robinson,  1795,  pages  425,  426,  427. 
Librar}  of  Congress  DS708.  G87. 

145  Gonzalez  de  Mondpza,  Juan,  The  historic  of  the  great 

and  mightie  kingdome  of  China,  and  the  situation 
thereof.  London,  E.  White,  1588,  pages  14,  60, 
61. 

Library  of  Congress  DS708.G644. 

146  Hawaii,     Agricultural     Experiment    Station,     Annual 

Report,  1912,  page  25. 

147  Henry,  Augustine,   A  list  of  plants  from   Formosa  in 

Transactions  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan. 
December,  1896.  Vol.  24,  supplement,  page  29. 

148  Higgins,  J.  E.,  The  Litchi  in  Hawaii,    1917,    Bulletin 

No.  44,  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

149  Hooker,     Sir    Joseph    Dalton,     1817-1911,    Flora    of 

British  India.     7  vol. ,  London,  L.   Reeve  &  Co. , 

1872-97,  1:686,  687,  688,  689,  690.   460.12H76F. 


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150  Hosie,  Sir  Alexander,  Report  by  Consul-general  Hosie 

on  the  province  of  Ssuch-uan.  1904.  London, 
Harrison  5c  Sons,  1904. 

Library  U.S.  Dept.  Agriculture  127H93Re. 

151  India  Botanical  Survey,  Records  of  the  Botanical  Survey 

of  India,  Calcutta,  1893-1916.  Vol.  1:  236,  Vol. 
2:  55,  92,  1893-1902,  1903. 

152  Ito  &   iMatsumura,   Tentamen   Florae   Lurchuensis,    in 

the  Journal  of  the  College  of  Science,  Imperial 
University  of  Tokyo,  Vol.12,  1900,  pages  118, 
385,  386. 

153  Ito,  Tokutaro,    Kinkvvao  Tetsuen  Kwaishi  (Memorial 

volume  for  the  80th  anniversary  of  Baron  Keisuke 
Ito).  Vol.  1,  M.  15,  iv.,  Apr.,  1882,  Fol.  1-3  (2 
col.  pis. )  on  Lichi  by  K.  Ito. 

154  Jonstonus,     Johannes,     1603-1675,     Dendrographias: 

sive,  Historiae  naturalis  de  arbor ibus,  1662,  pages 
475. 

155  Jussieu,   •  Antoine,    Laurent    de,     1748-1836,     Genera 

plantarum,  Paris.  1789,  pages  246,  247,  248. 
Library  of  Congress  QK93.J9. 

156  Kevv    Royal    Gardens,    Bulletin    of    miscellaneous   in- 

formation, London,  1887,  pages  219,  220. 

157  Koorders,     Fran    Anna    (Schumacher),  Systematisches 

VerzeichnisS  der  zum  Herbar  Koorde's  gehorenden, 

in  Nederlandsch-Ostindien,  besonders  in  den 
Jahren  1888-1903  gesarnmelten  Phancregamen. 
2vol.,  Hatavia,  1910-1914.  Vol.  1:8,  Vol!  2:  v, 
pages  5,  34,  75. 

158  Kurz,  Sulpiz,  1834-1878,  Forest  flora  of  British  Burma, 

1877.      2  vol.,  Calcutta,   Office  of   Supt.  of  Govt. 
printing,  1877.      Vol.  1;  292,  293,  294. 
Library  U.  S.   Dept.  Agriculture  460K96F. 


134  THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN 


159  Lamarck,   Jean  Baptiste   Pierre   Antoine  de  Monet  dr, 

1744-1829,  Encyclopedic  methodique.  Botanique. 
8  vol.,  Paris,  Panckoucke,  1783-1808.  2:440  179.? 
Supplement  3:478  1813,  Tome  Troisieme:  573 
1789. 

Library  of  Congress  QK7.  L2. 

160  L'Ecluse,  Charles,  i.  e.   Jules  Charles  de,  1526-1609, 

Exoticorvm  libri  decem,  1605,  pages  36,  37. 
Library  of  Congress  QH41.  L39. 

161  Linne,     Carl   von,    1707-1778,    Systema    naturae    per 

regna    tria    naturae,     secundum    classes,    ordines, 
genera,     species,    cum    characteribus,     differentiis, 
synonymis,  locis  .  .  .  1767.     3  vol.,  Lipsiae,  G.  E. 
Beer,  1788-93.     2:18,  1277. 
Library  of  Congress  QH43.S53. 

162  Linne,     Garl    von,     1707-1778,     Genera    plantarum 

eorumque  characteres  naturales  secundum  numerum, 
figuram,  situm  et  proportionem  omnium  fructifica- 
tionis  partium,  1789.,  2  vol.,  Francofurtiad  moenum, 
sumtu  Varrentraspii  et  Hennere,  1789-91.  1:262 
No.  671. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452L645G. 

163  Linne,    Carl    von,    1707-1778,    Systema   naturae    per 

regna  tria  naturae,  secundum  classes,  ordines, 
genera,  species,  cum  characteribus,  differentiis, 
synonymis,  locis  1796.  3  vol  ,  Lugduni,  J.  B. 
Delamolliere,  1789-96.  2:611. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  411 L64S. 

164  Linne,  Carl  von,  1707-1778,  Species  plantarum  1799. 

Berolini,  G.  C.  Nauk,  1797-18,  2:346  No.  755. 
Library  of  Congress  QK91.L5. 

165  Linne,    Carl  von,    1707-1778,    Systema   Vegetabilum, 

1825-28       5  vol.,  Volume  11,  page  222. 


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166  Loureiro,  Juan   cle,    1715-1796,    Flora  cochinchinensis 

1793.     2  vol.,  Berolini,  Haude  et  Spencer,  1793. 
Pages  286,  287,  288. 

Library,  U.S.   Dept.  Agriculture  46<»L93. 

167  Macmillan,  Hugh  F. ,   Gardeners'  Chronicle, 'Decem- 

ber, 190«,  pages  414,  419. 

168  Macmillan,  Hugh  F.,  A  handbook  of  tropical  garden- 

ing and  planting,    Colombo,    H.    I.    Cave  &   Co. 
1910,  pages  167,  177,  178. 

Library,  U.  S.   Dept.  Agriculture  34M22. 

169  Martinio,     Martino,     1614-1662,  *  Atlas    Sinicus    sive 

Magni    Sinarum    Imperii    Geographic^   dctcriptio. 

Vienna,  1655,  page  123. 

170  Matsumura  &   Hayata,   Enumeratio  plantarum  formos- 

anarum,   in  the  Journal  of  the  College  of  Scic  nee, 
Imperial  University  of  Toyo,  1906.      Vol.  22:95. 

171  Matsumura,  Jinzo,  1856,  Index  plantarum  japonicaium, 

Tokioni,  apud  Maruzen,  1912,   2:  334,  .135. 
Library  of  Congress  QK369.M3. 

172  Merrill,  Elmer  D.,  A  dictionary  of  the  plant  names  of 

the    Philippine   Islands.      Manila,  Bureau  of  public 
printing,  1903.  470. 

Library  of  Congress  Q75. 1}5. 

173  Merrill,  Elmer  D.,  1876-        ,   The  Flora  of  the  Lamao 

Forest  Reserve,  in  the  Philippine  Journal  of  Science, 
Vol.    1,  suppl.   1,  April  15,  1906,  pages  86,  87. 
Library  of  Congress  Q75.P51. 

174  Merrill,  Elmer  D.,  Afloraof  Manila.    Manila,  Hureau, 

of  Printing,  1912,  page  305. 

Library  of  Congress  QK368.  M.S. 


136  THE  LYCHEE  AND  XUNGAJS 


175  Miguel,  Friedrich  Anton   Wilhelm,  1811-1871,    Flora 

van  Nederlandsch  Indie,  3  vol.,  Amsterdam,  C.  G. 
van  der  Post.   1855-59  pages  554,   555,  556,  557. 
Library  of  Congress  QK367.  M6. 

176  Monteiro    de    Carvalhe,    Jose,    Diccionaria  portuguez 

das  plantas,   arbustos  ...  1  vol.,  Lisboa,   na  offic. 
de  J.  F.  M.  de  Campos,  1817,  page  316. 

177  Nooten,    Mme.    Berthe    Hoola  van,    Flours,    fruits  et 

feuillages  choisis  de  la  flore  et  de  la  pornone  de  Tile 
dejava.  Bruxelles,  E.  Tarlier,  1863. 

178  Office   of  Foreign  Seed   and   Plant  Introduction,  Cor- 

respondence, Reports,  etc. 

179  Osbeck,  Pehr,  Dagbok  ofwer  en  Ostindisk    Resa  .  .  . 

Stockholm,  Lor.  Ludv.  Grefing,  1757. 

180  Osbeck,  Pehr,  1723-1805,  .  .  .  Reise  nach  Ostindien 

und  China  .  .  .  Rostock,  J.  C.  Koppe,  1765,  pages 
251,  265. 

Library  of  Congress  DS708.078. 

181  Osbeck,  Pehr,  1723-1805,   A  voyage  to  China  and  the 

East   Indies,    by   Peter  Osbeck.     2  vol.,   London, 
B.  White,  1771,  pages  308,  326,  327. 
Library  of  Congress  DS708.081. 

182  Paris.  Museum    d'histoire  naturelle.      20  vol.,    Paris, 

1815-32.  18:30,  1829. 

Library  of  Congress  QH3P181. 

183  Pallas,  Peter  Simon,  1741-1811,  Reise  durch  verschie- 

dene    Provinizen  des  Russichen  Reichs    in    einem 
ausfuhrlichen    Auszuge.     2    vol.,    Frankfurt    und 
Leipzig,  G.  Fleischer,  1776-77,  page  129. 
Library  of  Congress  DK23.P16. 

184  Payer,    J.    B.,    Families  Naturelles  des  Plantes,    1872 

Paris,  G.  Masson,  1872.  paee 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WESTERN  REFERENCES  137 


185  Pharmaceutical  Review,  1897,  pages  89,  90. 

186  Philippine  Agricultural  Review,  Manila,  19-      ,     Vol. 

9,  No.  3,  1916,  page  200. 
Library  of  Congress  SI 7.  P4. 

187  Pierre,   Louis,    i.  e.   Jean   Baptiste  Louis,  1833-1905, 

Flo  re  forestiere  de  la  Cochinchine  .  .  .  5vol.,  Paris, 
O.  Doin,  1879-1907. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  460P61. 

188  Plant    Immigrants,    Office    Foreign    Seed    and     Plant 

Introduction,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture,  Washington, 
July-August  1915,  Nos.  Ill,  112.  pages  907,  908 
with  illustrations,  pages  916,  917,  918,  919. 

189  Plukenet,    Leonard,    1642-1706,  .Air.altheum    botani- 

cum,  London,  1769,  page  25. 
Library  of  Congress  QK41.P7. 

190  Popenoe,  F.  W. ,  in  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  horticul- 

ture, edited  by  L.  H.  Bailey,  in  six  volumes,  New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1917,  Vol.  4, 
pages  1891,  1892,  1893  and  2131. 

191  Quarterly   journal  of  science,    literature   and  art.     29 

vol.,  London,  J.  Murray.  1816-30  Vol.- 4,  page 
293. 

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192  Radlkofer,    L.,    1829,   Ueber  die    Sapindacecn    Hol- 

landisch-indiens,  1877,  pages  25,  26,  27,  72. 

193  Radlkofer,  L. ,  Ucbcr  Sapindus  und   damit  in  Zusam- 

menhartff  stehende  Pflany.cn  .  .  .  1878.  Vol.  8: 
pages  16,  299,  303. 

194  Radlkofer,  Ludvvig,  1829,  Conspectus  tribum  generum- 

que  sapindacearum,    1890,  pages  16  and  17. 

195  Radlkofer,    L.,    Sapindaceae    in    Engler    and    Prantl. 

Leipzig,  1887,  pages  300,  301,  328,  334. 
Librarv  of  Congress  QKP-7.  F6. 


138  THE  LYOHEE  AND  LUNG  AN 


196  Radlkofer,  L-»  Records  of  the  Botanic  Survey  of  India. 

Calcutta,  1907,  pages  347,  348. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  460In2B. 

197  Radlkofer,    L. ,  Die   naturlichen  Pflanzenfamilien  .  .  . 

Leipzig,  U.  Englemann,  1887,  pages  204,  205. 
Library  of  Congress  QK97.E6. 

J98     Radlkofer,    L. ,    Sapindaceae    philippinenses    novae    11 
...  May,  1913,  pages  1606,  1607. 

199  Radlkofer,    L. ,    The   Philippine  Journal   of  Science, 

1913.     Vol.  8:444,  445,  446,  447,  457,  458,  459. 

200  Ray,    John,    1627-1705,    Historia  plantarum.      3  vol., 

London!,  H.  Faithome,  1686-1704,  Appendix  1:52, 
53. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452R21H. 

201  Read,  B.  E.,  The  Edible  Litchi  Nut  (Litclii  Ckiuevsis) 

in  Journal  American  Chemical  Society,  v.  40,  no.  5, 

page  818  uMay  1918). 

202  Retaking,    Otto  A.,    Diseases  of  Economic   Plants  in 

Southern  China.  The  Philippine  Agriculturist, 
Vol.  VIII,  No.  4  (Nov.  1919),  page  123. 

203  Roxburgh,     William,     1759-1815,     Flora    Indica;    or 

Descriptions  of  Indian  Plants.  2  vol.,  Calcutta, 
18322:279,  270,  271 

204  Roxburgh,   William,    1759-1815,    Hortus    Bengalensis 

or  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  growing  in  the  honour- 
able East  India  Company's  Botanic  Gardens  at 
Calcutta.  1814,  pages  28,  29. 

205  Royal  horticultural  society,  London,  Transactions  .  .  . 

1812-1848.     10  vol.,  London,  1812-48,  Vol. 
pages  402,  405. 

Libra rv  of  Congress. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WKSTKKN  KKKKKKNTKS  139 


206  Saunders,    William,    Catalogue  of  Economic  Plants  in 

the  Collection  of  the  U.  S.   Department  of  Apicul- 
ture. No.  308. 

207  Semmecio,    Alvaro,    1585-1658,    The    history   of  that 

great  and  renowned  monarchy  of  China.      London, 
E.  Tyler,  1655,  Chapt.  1,  Part,  1,  pages  5  and  6. 
Library  of  Congress  DS708.S46. 

208  Semmedo,   Alvaro,    1585-1658,    Relatione  della  grande 

monarchia  della    Dina,    Romae,    Hermann  Scheus, 
1643,  page  10. 
Library  of  Congress  DS708.S49. 

209  Shitsumo    Honzo,     Journal     College    Science,     1900. 

Suppl.   t.  1. 

210  Sonner.it,      Pierre,      1749-1814,     Voyage     aux    indes 

Orientales  et  a  la  Chine,    2    vol.,    Paris,  L'auteur, 
1782,    Part  II;  pages  230,  231. 
Library  of  Congress  DS506.S7. 

211  Spach,  Eduoard,  Histoire  naturelle  des  vegetaux,  Paris, 

1834-48,  pages  61,  62,  63,  64. 

212  Staunton,   Sir  George   Leonard,    bart,   1737-1801,    An 

authentic  account  of  an  embassy   from   the  King  of 
Great     Britain   to   the    Emperor   of    China,    1797. 
2  vol.,  London,  G.  Nicol,  1797,  page  463. 
Library  of  Congress  DS708.S78. 

213  Steudel,     Ernst     Gottlieb,      1783-1856,     Nomenclator 

botanicus,    enumerans   ordine,    1821,    Stuttgardtiae 
etTubingae,  J.  G.  Cottae,  1821,   pages  328,   460. 
Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452SHN. 

214  Steudel,     Ernst    Gottlieb,     1783-1856,     Nomenclator 

botanicus;    seu,  Synonymia.      2    vol.,    Stuttgartiae 

et   Tubingae,    J.  G.    Cottae,    1840-41,  pages    191, 
192. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452St4N. 


140  THE  JLYOHEE  AND  LUNG  AN 


215  Taylor,  W.  S.,  Florida  Grower,  July  17,  1915;  Florida 

Times  Union,  Feb.  8,  1916;  Feb.  22,  1916;  Mar. 
2,  1916;  Mar.  16,  J916;  Mar.  23,  1916;  April  18, 
1916. 

216  Theropeutique,  Bulletin  General,  1881,  pages  325  and 

326. 

217  Thwaites,     George     Henry     Kendrick,     Enumeratio 

plantarum    Zeylaniae:    an    enumeration  of   Ceylon 
plants,  1864,  London,  Dulau  &  Co.,  1864. 
Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  460T424. 

218  Treasury  of  Botany,  1899,  page  784. 

219  Trigault,  Nicolas,  1577-1628,    De    Christiano  expedi- 

tio  ne  apud  sinas  suscepta  ab  societate  Jesu,  Libri 
V,  1615,  Augsburg,  1615,  Libri  1,  page  10. 

220  Trinidad,   Botanical  Department,    Bulletin  of  Miscel- 

laneous Information,  1888-1908,  Trinidad,  January, 
1907,  page  177. 

221  Turczaninow,   Nicolaus,   d.    1864,   Animadvers    herb. 

Turez,  in  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  imperiale  des 
naturalistes  de  Moscou,  1858.  Vol  31:  402,  403. 

222  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Division   of  Pomology,   Bulletin 

No.  1,  Report  on  the  Condition  of  Tropical  and 
Sub-Tropical  Fruits  in  the  United  States  in  1887. 

223  Vahl,    Martin,    1749-1804,    Symbolae  botanicae,    sive 

plantarum,  1790.     3  vol.,  Hauniae,  1790-94,  2:55. 
Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452V18. 

224  Vidal  y  Soler,   Sebastian,  Phanerogamae  Cumingianae 

Philippinarum,   Manila,  1885,  pages  104  and  105. 
Library,  U.  S.   Dept.  Agriculture  460B66P. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WKSTKIIN  KKKKIJKNCKS  1.41 


225  Vidal  y  Soler,  Sebastian,   d.    1889,    Revision  de  plantas 

vasculares  F"ilipinas,    Manila,    dc   M.    Pere/.    1886, 
pages  97,  98,  344. 

Library  of  Congress  QK3.68.B64. 

226  Voigr,  J.  O.,  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  in  the  Seramporc 

Garden,  generally  known  as   Dr.    Carey's   Garden, 
1845,  page  95. 

227  Walker,  Robert. Sparks,  in  the   Guide  to  Nature,   Vol. 

XII,  No.  3,  page  34. 

228  Walpers,  Wilhelrn  Gerhard,  1816-1853,    Repertorium 

botanices    systematicae,      6vol.,    Lipsiae,    Friderici 
Hofmeister,  1842-48,  pages  364,  365. 
Library  of  Congress  QK97.W21. 

229  Walpers,     Guilielmo     Gerardo,      Annales     Botanices 

Systematicae.     7  vol.,  Lipsiae,  F.  Hofmeister  1848- 
68,  Tomus  II,  page  220. 

230  Watt,     George,     1851,     A    dictionary    of    economic 

products  of  India,   1891.      6vol.,    Calcutta,    1889- 
93.     Vol.  5:  346,  347. 

231  Wight,   Robert,   1796-1872,   Icones   plantarum    Indiac 

Orientalis,  1840,    6vol.,    Madras,   J.  B.  Pharaoh, 
1840-53.     PL  1;  t.  43. 

Library  of  Congress  QK358.W64. 

232  Zanoni,    Giacomo,     1615-1682,     Rariorum    stirpium 

historia   ex    parte    olim    edita,    Bononiae,   Laelii  a 
Vulpe,  1742,  page  147. 

Library,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  452.  2X11. 


APPENDIX  III 
Canton    Weather    Table*. 

A    TYPICAL     YEAR 


Average    J  Max       Min,          Air     !  Humidity    Velocity  i  Direction 
Temp.  F.  |  Temp.    Temp.    Pressure!  of  Wind  |  of  Y\  ind  j 


January 

56.1 

64.8 

47.1 

30.14 

73 

2.487      N.  N.  E. 

February 

59.7 

67.5 

5'?.6 

30.06 

77 

1.586      N.E. 

March 

64.4 

71.5 

52.2 

29.95 

86 

2.001      K.  S.  E. 

April 

70.4 

76.2 

54.9 

29.87 

83 

1.703      E.  S.  E. 

May 

78.9 

86.8 

72.1 

29.77 

85 

1.756      S.  E. 

June 

81.7 

89.1 

76.1 

29.62 

88 

2.133      S.  S.  E. 

July 

84.1 

92.5 

76.7 

29.69 

81 

2.087      S.  P.  E. 

August  : 

82.8 

92.0 

75.2 

29.65 

82 

2.135      E.  S.  E. 

September 

78.2 

88.0 

71.0 

2^.75 

72 

2.490      N.  N.  E. 

October 

75.4 

86.5 

67.5 

i>9.98 

69 

2.403      N.E. 

November 

66.5 

77.1 

59.5 

30.04 

58 

2.648      N.  N.  E. 

December 

57.7 

66.8 

50.7 

30.12 

76 

3.073      N. 

Stormy 

j  Dark 

Rainy 

j  Evaporation         Rainfall 

Days 

Days 

Days 

i 

• 

January 

20 

7 

4 

69. 

mrn.          37.7  mm. 

February 

10 

12 

6 

49.2 

64.3 

March 

6 

18 

12 

41.9 

130.6 

April 

18 

5 

12 

83.1 

136.4 

May 

12 

0 

19 

90.2 

1  90.9 

June 

3 

0 

22 

73.9 

335.6 

July 

16 

1 

.    14 

96.5 

106.7 

August 

15 

0 

16 

79.1 

191.1 

September 

23 

1 

6 

90.7 

16.7 

October 

28 

s 

0 

139.4 

00.0 

November 

25 

4 

I 

133.1 

01.9 

December 

17 

6 

8 

74.3 

81.7 

Notes  on  Bad  Weather: 

March  12th  midnight  to  March  13  noon  heavy  rain  and  strong  -\vind. 

April  llth  very  strong  winds. 

April  25th  at  noon  a  very  strong  wind  from  the  N.  E.  followed  by  rail 

May  llth  to  31st  there  were  fifteen  days  of  rain. 

May  20. h  strong  wind,  thunder  and  rain. 

June  1st  to  22nd  there  were  twenty  days  of  rain. 

August  9th  to  22nd  there  were  eleven  d  ys  of  rain. 

August  13th  and  14th  strong  winds  and  heavy  rains. 

September  a  severe  shortage  of  rain ;   more  so  than  usual. 

October  -  No  rain  during  the  whole  month. 

November  10th  and  llth  stong  winds. 

Practically  no  rain  during  November. 


*  The  above  iifures  wrre  taken  from  records  of  tlx-  Kwanttuiij;  Ajrici 

142 


Kxprriment  SM 


APPENDIX  IV 
PRESENT-DAY  VARIETIES  OF  KWANGTUNG  LYCHEF 


Mother rs  shoe 
Bursts  the.,  throat 
Man's  name 
Royal  rexl 
China  grass  fiber 
Phoenix  gem 
Imperial 

concubine' s  laugh 
Black  leaf 
Fragrant  lychee 
False  Wai    ... 
Cockroach  lychee 
Hanging  green 
Cinnamon  flavor 
Rushes  in  the  pond 
Sparrow  egg 
Rice  cinnamon 
Glutinous  rice 
Glutinous  rice  ball 
White  wax  lychee 
White  fragrant 

plant 
Cloth  ba» 
Rhinoceros  horn 
Third  month  red 
Sugar  lychee 
Mountain  lychee 
President  of  a 
board  embraces 


1 

£L  fti  ££  A  neung  hai 

Ya  niang  hsieh 

2 

¥$  tfjt  tffc  Ch'ang  pau  hau 

Cheng  pao  hou 

3 

J$  n  3£  Chau  Shiu  Yuk 

Chou  Shao  Yu 

4 

Jt)t  TC  %L  Chong  un  hung 

Chuangyuan  hung 

5 

*f  fifa  -¥•  Chu  ma  tsz 

Ch'u  ma  tsu. 

6 

li,  M,  £fc  Fung  wong  k'au 

Fang  huang  ch'iu 

7 

JE  ^  3c  Fi  tsz  siu 

Fei  tsu  hsiao 

8 

&       g  Hak  ip 

Hei  yeh 

9 

§        H  Heung  lai 

Hsiang  li 

10 

ig       it  Ka  Wai 

Chia  Huai 

11 

*?  &  &  Kat  tsat  chi 

No  no  chih 

12 

^       &  Kwa  luk 

Kua  lu 

13 

^       i^c  Kwai  mi 

Kuei  wei 

14 

^.  3f  fi  Lok  t.'ong  p'o 

Lo  t'ang  p'u 

15 

$ft  ^  |j|  Ma  tseuk  ch'un 

Ma  ch'iao  ch'un 

16 

^        ^  Mai  kwai 

Mi  kuei 

17 

fi  ^  ^  No  mai  t?sz 

No  mi  ts'z 

18 

&  ^  H  No  mai  t'un 

No  mi  tw'an 

19 

fiS^fe  Pa^  laP  ^a'  c"i 

Pai  la  li  chih 

20 

^  ^  ^f.  Pak  lik  tsz 

Po  le  tzu 

21 

^       £8  Po  toi 

Pu  tai 

22 

^t  ^  ^  Sai  kok  tsz 

Hsi  chio  tsu 

23 

H  ^   %L  Sam  ut  hung 

San  yueh  hung  ' 

24 

^>#l  Hft  Sha  t'ong  lai  chi 

Sha  t'ang  li  chih 

25 

llj        -&  Shan  chi 

Shan  chih 

26 

f^  ^1  1SI  Sheung  shu  wai 

Shang  shou  huai 

143 


144 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG  AN 


27 

Tfc  7?  -T-  Shui  fau  tsz 

Shui  fou  tsu 

Water  float 

28 

ik  a!  $c  Shui  tsing  k'au 

Shui  ching  ch'iu 

Crystal  quartz  ball 

29 

&  $L  &  Siu  i  k'un 

Hsiao  erh  ch'uan 

Child's  fist 

3.0 

g$       &  Sun  chi 

Suan  chih 

Sour  lychee 

31 

*&  %.  &  Sung  ka  heung 

Sung  chia  hsiang 

Sung  family 

fragrance 

32 

^C  W  &  Tai  ho  pau 

Ta  ho  pao 

Large  purse 

33 

;fc  *h  $&  Tai  ngau  ku 

Ta  niu  ku 

Big  bull 

34 

^C       it  Tai  tso 

Ta  tsao 

Large  crop 

35 

H  iH:  i£  T'am  shai  t'seng 

T'an  shih  ch'ang 

A  person's  name 

36 

Sft       HI  T'im  ngam 

T'ien  yeh 

Sweet  cliff 

37 

$k  ft  *¥*  Ting  sz  ngau 

Ting  sz  niu 

Hit  and  kill 

. 

the  cow 

38 

$&       &  T'ong  pok 

T'ang  po 

Pond 

embankment 

39 

-fc  /!  ^  Ts'at  ut  shuk 

Ch'i  yueh  shou 

Seventh  month 

ripe 

40 

J|f  ^  ^  Tseung  kwan  lai 

Chiang  chun  li 

General's  lychee 

41 

^       A  Ts'ingpi 

Ch'ingp'i 

Green  skin 

42 

•¥•       ^  Tso  lai 

Tsao  li 

Early  lychee 

43 

^  ^  $  Tsun  fung  lai 

Chin  feng  li 

Tribute  lychee 

44 

xic  tit  £.  Ts'oi  ma  chi 

Tsai  ma  chih 

Vegetable  hemp 

plant 

45 

IHJ       ^  Un  t'un 

Yuan  t'un 

Round  rump 

46 

^       fe  Wai  chi 

Huai  chih 

Wai  river  lychee 

47 

if  UJ  ^t  Ye  shan  chi 

Yeh  shan  chih 

Wild  mountain 

lychee 

48 

HL  W  fiL  Yuk  ho  pau 

Yu  ho  pao 

Jade  purse 

49 

5E       zK  Yuk  ping 

Yu  ping 

Jade  ice 

PRESENT-DAY  VARIETIES  OF  LYCHEE  AND  LUNGAN       145 


PRESENT-DAY  VARIETIES  OF  KWANQTUNG  LUNGAK 

£3  Fa  hok  Hua  kioh  Flower  skin 

Hak  hat  shek  hap   Hei  ho  shih  hsia      Black  seed 

stone  gorge 

3  $       Ifi]  Ko  un  Kao  yuan  Fat  meat  ball 

4  A?  /!  #1  Luk  ut  Pau  Liu  yueh  pao  Six  months 

leopard 

5  fl-«f||ifcBJI  Shap  ip  lung  ngan  Shih  yeh  lung  yen  Ten  leaves  lungan 

6  Ti^oW  Shek  hap  lung  ngan  Shih  hsfa  lung  yen  Stone  gorge  lungan 

7  $£&iW  She  p'i  lung  ngan  She  p'i  lung  yen     Snake  skin  lungan 

8  HEJuW  Ting  un  lung  ngan  Ting  yuan  lung  yen  Most  round 

lungan 

9  JiWaW  Ts'iuyuklung         Ts'ui  you  lung  yen  Crisp  meat  lungan 

ngan 

10  •?•.      3k  Tso  wo  Tsao  ho  Early  rice 

11&       EJLJun  Wu  yuan  Black  ball 

12  31       US  Yau  ngan  Yau  yen  Soft  lungan 


WU  YING  K'UEI'S 


LIST  OF  VARIETIES  OF  LYCHEE 

.IN    . 
LING  NAN  LI  CHIH  P'U 


Third  month  red 
Jade  purse 
Rhinoceros  horn 
White  wax 
Black  leaf 
Tribute 
Pond 

embankment 
Icicle 

Water  float- 
President  of  a 

board  embraces 
Big  clove 
Showing  the 

head  flower 
Bell  of  a 

horse's  mouth 
Fragrant  lychee 
Hanging  green 
Clove  knot 
Glutinous  rice 
Fire  mountain 
Field  cliff 
Cinnamon  flavor 
China  grass  fiber 


1 

H  $  &  Sam  ut  hung 

San  yueh  hung 

"2: 

3C  W  &  Yuk  ho  pau 

Yu  ho  pao 

3 

@  #  ^  Sai  kok  tsz^ 

Hsi  chio  tsu 

4 

&  M  ^  Pak  lap  tsz 

?ai  la  tsu 

5 

*&       m  Hak  ip 

Hei  yeh 

6 

5H       ^£  Tsun  fung 

Chin  feng 

7 

31       -S  T'ong  pok 

T'ang  po 

8 

$!  #K  dT-  Ying  ping  tsz 

Ying  ping  tsu 

9 

?K  7?  ^  Shui  fau  tsz 

Shui  fou  tsu 

10 

^  II  1^  Sheung  shu  wai 

Shang  shou  huai 

11 

k  T  W  Tai  ting  heung 

Ta  ting  hsiang 

12 

ft  S3  fc  Lo  t'au  fa 

Lu  t'ou  hua 

13 

!&  U  1^  Ma  hau  ling 

Ma  k'ou  ling 

14 

f?        ^  Heung  lai 

Hsiang  li 

15 

J$       ^  Kwa  luk 

Kualu 

16 

T  If  ^*  Ting  heung  kit 

Ting  hsiang  chieh 

17 

fl!  $fc  $  No  mai  t'sz 

No  mi  chih 

18 

fc.       Ui  Fo  shan 

Huo  shan 

19 

ffl        g|  Tin  ngam 

T'ien  yen 

20 

^       Sfc  Kwai  mi 

Kuei  wei 

21 

^  ^  =f.  Chu  ma  tsz 

Ch'u  ma  tsu 

1  WU  YING  K'UEI  ($ 

W.jl',  Ling  Nan  Li  Chi 

Ling  Nan  I  Shu  (^^^S^-), 

book   59    (^lirHl/fc), 

pages  1-10  (®—  "H_^^~hK)' 

146 


\VU  YING  K'UEI'S 


LIST  OF  VARIETIES  OF  I.VCHKK      147 


22  ftft  ft 

Chan  ka  tsz 

Ch'en  chia  tsu         ( 

23  W®m 

Shan  u  ch'ui 

Shan  hu  chui            ( 

Zft     ^/C           it*. 

Tai  tso 

Ta  tsao                      I 

25  *  ft  V 

Tai  tseung  kwan 

Ta  chiang  chun       1: 

26  />  MF  * 

Siu  tseung  kwan 

Hsiao  chiang  chu  n  S 

27  It  a  ^ 

Hung  sau  hai 

Hung  hsiu  hsieh      F 

28  ff       ff 

Ye  chung 

Yeh  chung                A 

29  -fc  fl  It 

Tsat  ut  hung 

Ch  i  yuch  hung       S 

30  *  ft  & 

Chung  ts'au  luk 

Ch  un  ch  iu  lu         C 

31  m  ft  ** 

T'am  Shai  Tseung 

T'an  Shih  Ch'ang  P 

32  ft  S3  l-g 

Cha-j  Shiu  Yuk 

Chou  Chao  Yu       £ 

33  %  ft  £ 

Lai  Chung  Sz 

Li  Sung  Ssu             P 

34  ^       48 

Yau  lap 

Yo  lah                      f 

35  S&       £ 

Lap  lai 

Lah  li                        V 

36  ft       £ 

Tsiu  hat 

Chiao  ho                   S 

37  #       fc 

Ch'un  fa 

Ch'un  hua                S 

38  $       « 

Ukit 

Hu  chieh                   IV 

39  5.  ft  ft 

Yuk  lo  seung 

Yu  lu  shuang           J 

40  ft  £  3jc 

Ming  ut  chu 

Ming  yueh  chu        E 

41  *B  *  £f 

Fi  tsz  siu 

Fei  tsu  hsiao              1 

42  m  m  « 

Maan  li  pik 

c 

Wan  li  pi                  1 

43B9C* 

Li  ting  chu 

Li  ting  chu               P 

44  «  j$  «| 

Shan  u  shue 

Shan  hu  shu        ;,  •    C 

45  *  m  ^ 

Mau  ni  kwong 

Mou  ni  kuang 

46  ^  &  91 

FC'ing  iu  tan 

Ch'ing  yao  tan         E 

47  ^^^ 

Fa  tso  ch'un 

Hua  ts'ao  ch'un      F 

48  |^  jQ  ^ 

Fu  p'ak  kwong 

Hu  p'o  kuang          / 

49  'Ac       *# 

Fo  chai 

Hun  ch'i                    f 

Choi  family 

purple 

Coral  pendulum 
Big  crop 
Big  general 
Small  general 
Red  embroidered 

shoe 

Wild  species 
Seventh  month  red 
Chinese  eighth 

month 

A  man's  name 
A  man's  name 
A  man's  name 
Having  wax 
Wax  lychee"      ' 
Scorched  seed 
Spring  flower 
Mongols  hurry 
Jade  dew  frost 
Bright  moon  pearl 
Imperial 

concubine's  laugh 
Thousand  miles 

greenish  blue 
Pearl  of  a  black 

horse's  head 
Coral  tree 

Beautiful  bullet 
Flower  grass 

spring 

Amber  bright 
Fire  level 


148 


THE  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG AN 


50 

?K  ^  £jc  Shui  tsing  k'au 

Shui  ching  ch'iu 

51 

*fc  US  2c  Luk  lo  i 

Lu  lo  i 

52 

$£.  Jit  Ijk  Kau  ki  wan 

Chiao  chi  huan 

53 

H!  xf"  i£  Lung  nga  lai 

Lung  ya  li 

54 

&       %  Sung  lai 

Sung  li 

55 

$£  JnL  ^  Hoi  i  k'un 

Hai  erh  ch'uan 

56 

$ffc  $i  ^  Luk  lo  po 

Lu  lo  p'ao 

57 

ft        fi}|  Kok  shu 

Chio  shu 

58 

'?£  H  S|  Fa  ling  t'au 

Hua  ling  t'ou 

59 

&•  SI  ^   Kung  ling  sun 

Kung  ling  sun 

60 

Y        H  Nga  kai 

Yachi 

61 

J&       |p   Fung  lun 

Feng  luan 

62 

6  3£  IS  Paak  yuk  ang 

Pa  yu  ying 

63 

3E  ^  fl  Yuk  pau  lung 

Yu  pan  lung 

64 

SK       ?§c  Lai  chu 

Li  chu 

65 

JUt  7C  fe  Chong  un  hung 

Chuangyuan  hung 

66 

^       ^g  Mo  pun 

Mo  p'an 

67 

flf       ^t  Shing  wa        ,   f. 

Sheng  hua 

68 

ffi  ^!  ^  Tseung  kwan  li 

Chiang  chun  li 

69 

7h  ^  A  Siu  ching  un 

Hsiao  ho  pao 

70 

>h  W  %L  Shi  u  ho  pau 

Hsiao  ho  pao 

71 

E^  i^  Ix£  Che  ku  pan 

Che  ku  pan 

72 

^        $1  Sin  hung 

Ch'ien  hung 

73 

^       ^  Ts'im  Juk 

Ch'ien  lu 

74 

$b  W  M  Tsam  tsam  fai 

Ts'im  fei  fu 

Crystal  quartz  ball 
Green  netted -s ilk 

cloth 

Tea.  poy  ring 
Dragon  tooth 

lychee 

Hung  lychee 
Baby's  fist 
Green  netted-silk 
robe 

Rice  dumpling 
Flower  ridge  head 
Grandfather 

leads  grandson 
Young  maid's 

tuft  of  hair 
Phoenix  egg 
White  jade  dish 
Jade  coil  dragon 
Eye  of  a  black 

horse 
Royal  red 
Grinding  pot 
Superior  picture 
General  lychee 
Small  quartz  ball 
Small  purse 
Partridge  strip 
Fresh  and 

bright  red 

Bamboo  slip  green 

Penetrating  to  the 

lungs  and  bowels 


APPENDIX  V 

ANALYSES  OF  LYCHEE  AND  LUNG  AN  FRUITS 

by 
Walter  C.  Blasdale  » 


.     ~     Cane    Reducing   A   ,      Undeter- 
Water  Prote.n  Fat  ^      gup|r      Ash 


Nephelium  litchi  (aril): 

Original  material  14.94      2.91  1.44     4.47  66.58  2.21  745 

Water-free  substance  3.43  1.69     5.25  77.27  2.60  8.75 

Nephelium  longan  (aril): 

Original  material  10.94      5.01  1.04  37.50  27.54  2.3l  15.86 

Water-free  substance  5.63  1.1742.11  30.70  2.59  17.80 


1  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  Bulletin  No.  6.4 


PRINTED  BY  THE  COLLEGE  PRESS 
CANTON,  CHINA 

149 


APPENDIX  VI 

THE  LYCHEE  (LITCHI  CHINENSIS)  A  MYCORHIZAL  PLANT. 

By  FREDERICK  V.  COVILLE 

Botanist,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 

The  lychee  plants  brought  to  America  by  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  held  in  the  greenhouse  for  pur- 
poses of  study  and  propagation  have  seldom  grown  with  luxuriance. 
Their  stunted  appearance  and  the  poverty  of  their  root  develop- 
ment under  the  ordinary  treatment  of  greenhouse  plants  indicated 
a  lack  of  nutrition,  and  the  idea  suggested  itself  that  the  lychee 
might  belong  to  that  class  of  plants  which  require,  or  thrive  best 
in,  an  acid  soil. 

For  a  preliminary  experiment,  twelve  seedling  lychee  plants 
were  procured  from  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Intro- 
duction (No.  46568).  Three  different  soil  mixtures  were  used,  four 
plants  being  potted  in  each.  For  our  present  purpose  only  two  of 
these  soils  need  to  be  considered.  One  of  these  is  the  potting  soil 
used  for  ordinary  greenhouse  purposes,  made  up  of  one  part  of 
rich  loam,  by  bulk,  one  part  of  sand,  and  one  part  of  well-rotted 
cow-manure.  The  other  soil  consists  of  two  parts  of  upland  peat 
and  one  part  of  clean  sand. 

The  plants  were  potted  in  these  two  soils  June  21,  1920, 

in  4-inch  pots.     The  pots  were  plunged  in  sand,  in  a  greenhouse  in 

which  the  minimum  temperature  in  winter  is  55°  Fahr.  at  night, 

'70°  in  the  daytime.     In  spring,  summer,  and  fall  the  temperature 

goes  much  higher. 

The  difference  in  behavior  of  the  lychee  in  the  two  soils 
is  conspicuous,  as  is  shown  by  typical  plants  from  the  two  lots, 
seven  months  after  potting,  reproduced  in  Plate  XX.  The 
growth  of  the  plants  in  the  ordinary  potting  soil  is  very  feeble;  in 
the  acid  soil  it  is  free  and  luxuriant. 

Corresponding  inequalities  of  growth  have  taken  place 
underground.  In  the  ordinary  soil  the  root  development  is  feeble 
and  is  confined  chiefly  to  stout,  unbranched  leaders  which  have 
pushed  through  to  the  bottom  of  the  pot.  In  the  acid  soil  the 
plants  have  produced  similar  root  leaders,  but  more  freely,  and  in 
addition  there  is  an  extensive  development  of  smaller  much- 
branched  roots.  These  lie  chiefly  at  the  sides  of  the  root-ball, 
against  the  wall  of  the  pot.  Some  of  the  plants  in  the  ordinary  soil 
have  developed  similar  branched  roots,  but  much  less  extensively. 

151 


152  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


The  characteristic  of  greatest  interest,  however,  in  the  acid- 
soil  plants  is  that  their  branched  roots  are  covered  with  tubercles, 
and  that  these  tubercles  are  gorged  with  mycorhizal  fungi.  The 
appearance  and  the  abundance  of  these  tubercles  are  well  shown  in 
Plate  XXI. 

Dr.  Emil  G.  Arzberger,  of  the  Office  of  Crop  Technology, 
with  exquisite  technique,  has  fixed,  stained,  and  sectioned  the 
tubercles,  and  has  made  drawings  and  photographs.  His  descrip- 
tions and  illustrations  leave  no  question  that  these  tubercles  are 
genuine  symbiotic  mycorhizas.  Three  photographs  and  four 
drawings  by  Dr.  Arzberger,  showing  the  mycorhizal  fungi  in  the 
cells  of  the  tubercles,  at  enlargements  of  195  to  830  diameters,  are 
reproduced  in  Plates  XXII  and  XXIII.  None  of  the  plants  in 
the  ordinary  soil  developed  these  tubercles. 

This  experiment  was  conducted  without  knowledge  that 
Professor  Groff  was  writing  a  book  on  the  lychee.  Ordinarily  such 
an  experiment  would  be  repeated  many  times  for  verification  before 
the  results  were  published,  but  it  has  seemed  desirable  to  publish 
this  brief  statement  at  once,  since  the  experiment  points  to  con- 
clusions of  fundamental  significance  in  the  life  history  of  the 
lychee  and  suggests  a  definite  and  unusual  line  of  agricultural 
practice,  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  culture  of  the  lychee  in  the 
United  States. 

The  experiment  indicates  that  the  mycorhizal  fungus  is 
beneficial  to  the  lychee  plant,  probably,  indeed,  essential  to  its 
vigorous  growth  and  productivity;  that  an  acid  soil  is  necessary 
for  the  maintenance  of. the  fungus;  and  that  a  soil  of  peaty  type 
is  the  most  promising  for  lychee  culture.  Repeated  experiments 
should  be  made  to  test  the  validity  of  these  indications.  Dr. 
Arzberger  is  making  a  detailed  study  of  the  lychee  root  fungus  for 
more  extended  publication. 

Although  these  mycorhizal  tubercles  presumably  occur  on 
the  roots  of  the  lychee  in  China,  they  have  never  been  recorded  or 
observed  there,  so  far  as  Professor  Groff  is  aware.  A  reexamination 
of  lychee  culture  in  China,  in  the  light  of  the  present  experiment, 
will  be  of  great  interest,  for  it  is  likely  to  be  found  that  this  industry 
is  a  genuine  acid-soil  culture,  developed  as  such  by  the  Chinese, 
unconsciously  and  empirically,  from  the  ancient  and  cumulative 
experience  of  that  amazing  people. 


APPENDIX  VII 

LACK  OF  WINTER  DORMANCY  AND  THE  LOW  ZERO  POINT  OF 

GROWTH  OF  THE  LYCHEE  LIMITING  FACTORS  IN  ITS 

CULTURE  IN  FLORIDA. 


By  WALTER  T.  SWINGLE 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 

Canton,  China,  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Havana,  Cuba. 
Coconut  palms  abound  in  Cuba  and  also  in  southern  Florida,  but 
the  visitor  to  Canton  looks  in  vain  for  them.  The  coconut  palms 
grow  in  numbers  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Worth,  Florida,  in  latitude 
26°  45',  just  three  and  one-half  degrees  north  of  Havana. 

The  lychee  has  not  as  yet  been  grown  successfully  without 
protection  in  any  part  of  Florida;  and  yet  it  is  grown  commerically 
in  the  southern  part  of  Fukien  Province,  especially  about  Hsinghwa 
Fu  (now  P'ut'ien  Hsien),  two  degrees  north  of  Canton.  I  passed 
through  Canton  late  in  January,  1919,  and  found  the  weather 
cloudy  and  distinctly  chilly.  I  was  told  that  there  had  been  prac- 
tically no  sunshine  for  a  month.  To  my  surprise,  the  lychee  trees 
growing  on  the  dykes  on  the  Canton  Christian  College  grounds 
on  Honan  Island  showed  a  beautiful  wine-colored  flush  of  new 
growth.  The  daily  meteorological  records  of  the  Freeman  Mete- 
orological Observatory  at  the  Canton  Christian  College  for  January, 
1919,  give  the  following  record  of  temperature  and  humidity: 


Day 

Temp,  at  7  A.M. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Max.  Temp. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Min.  Temp. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Humidity 

7  A.M. 

per  cent. 

Avg.  Humidity 

7  A.M.,  I  P.M. 

6  P.M.,  percent. 

I 

13-0 

17-8 

10.8 

95 

86 

2 

9-4 

12.8 

9.0 

70 

6l 

3 

4-1 

13-4 

4.0 

61 

52 

4 

5-6 

15.6 

3-8 

72 

56 

5 

7-6 

19.1 

5-2 

71 

52 

6 

9-5 

20.9 

7-3 

87 

61 

7 

13-7 

23-5 

9.0 

81 

73 

8 

17-5 

23.4 

13-4 

92 

9i 

9 

19.4 

25-5 

17.0 

97 

89 

10 

19.0 

27.9 

18.4 

96 

83 

ii 

19.8 

26.4 

17.0 

98 

86 

12 

14.1 

20.  o 

13-9 

83 

75 

13 

14.2 

19.9 

13-7 

77 

93 

153 


154 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Day 

Temp,  at  7  A.  M. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Max.  Temp. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Min.  Temp. 
Deg.  Cent. 

Humidity 
7  A.M. 
per  cent. 

Avg.  Humidity 

7  A.M.,  I  P.M. 

6  P.M.,  percent. 

14 

15-4 

20.7 

13-9 

88 

86 

15 

17.7 

20.5 

17-3 

93 

86 

16 

13.2 

19.1 

12.3 

81 

80 

I? 

15-7 

22.5 

12.8 

89 

85 

18 

I7.6 

23.4 

16.8 

92 

85 

IQ 

10.2 

13-8 

10.  I 

77 

77 

20 

9.1 

12.6 

8-9 

66 

70 

21 

'        8.9 

12.7 

8.6 

76 

82 

22 

7-4 

12.  I 

6.8 

89 

87 

23 

IO.  2 

17-5 

9.6 

94 

93 

24 

16.1 

23-3 

iS-2 

98 

97 

25 

12.8 

n.  8 

95 

93 

26 

12-5 

9-3 

98 

93 

27 

. 

12.  I 

8-9 

98 

93 

28 

. 

12.4 

8.8 

89 

87 

29 

. 

I8-S 

8.0 

97 

96 

30 

14.0 

IS.O 

7-9 

89 

94 

31 

9-5 

IO.S 

9-3 

92 

94 

12.8 

18.0 

10.9 

86 

82 

The  mean  temperature  for  the  month,  obtained  by  taking  the  mean  be- 
tween the  maximum  and  minimum,  is  14.45  Cent,  or  58.01  Fahr. 

Unfortunately,  there  is  no  sunshine  record  for  January,  1919. 
The  record  for  February,  1920,  which  tabulates  similar  but  slightly 
lower  maximum  temperatures,  shows  only  the  following  hours  of 
sunshine  for  the  month: 

Day  of  Hours  and  Minutes 

Month  of  Sunshine 

i •    .    .    .  o  h.  33  min. 

6 o  h.    4  min. 

15 o  h.  19  min. 

17 2  h.  20  min. 

29 i  h.  52  min. 

Total,  5  days •.    .    .    .  5  hrs.  8  min. 

Only  five  hours  and  eight  minutes  of  sunshine  for  a  month !  And 
the  last  five  days  of  January,  1920,  had  also  been  without  sunshine. 

The  raw  winter  climate  of  Hongkong,  in  the  latitude  of 
Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  is  well  known.  Many  other  tropical  plants 
besides  the  coconut  fail  to  thrive  there.  In  spite  of  the  coldness 
of  the  winter  climate,  frost  is  practically  unknown  there  and  is 
very  rare  in  Canton,  and  never  severe. 

A  comparison  of  the  records  for  January,  1919,  for  Canton, 


LIMITING    FACTORS    OF    GROWTH    IN    FLORIDA 


155 


China,  and  the  average  for  six  points  in  Florida*  for  a  long  period 
of  years  is  shown  below: 


Station 

Latitude 

Mean  Temp. 

Mean  Max. 

Mean  Min. 

Hours  of 

(Location) 

(North) 

°Fahr. 

°Fahr. 

°Fahr. 

Sunshine 

Canton,  China.    . 

23°  06' 

58.01 

64.4 

51-6 

5  hr.  8  min. 

(Jan.  1919) 

(Feb.  1920) 

Key  West,  Fla.    . 

24°  34' 

70.00 

74.00 

65.00 

Miami,  Fla  .    .    . 

25°  46' 

65.00 

74.00 

57.00 

Ft.  Myers,  Fla.    . 

26°  38' 

62.00 

72.00 

52.00 

Tampa,  Fla  .    .    . 

27°  5*' 

59.00 

68.00 

50.00 

194  hours 

Eustis,  Fla  

28°  50' 

58.00 

69.00 

48.00 

Jacksonville,  Fla. 

30°  20' 

55-00 

64.00 

46.00 

161  hours 

It  is  evident  at  a  glance  that  the  Canton  climate  in  January, 
1919,  was  much  colder  than  the  average  of  south  Florida  points, 
and  especially  the  mean  maximum  temperature  was  much  lower. 
The  thermometric  records  do  not  fully  show  the  difference  between 
South  China  and  Florida,  since  the  bright  sunshine  (50  to  60  per 
cent  or  more  of  the  total  possible)  of  the  south  Florida  winter 
would  heat  the  leaves,  buds,  and  twigs  of  a  tree  to  a  higher  tem- 
perature than  that  of  the  air,  while  nothing  of  the  kind  happens 
during  cloudy  weather  in  China. 

The  records  reprinted  above  show  that  at  Canton,  China, 
during  the  eleven  days  from  January  8  to  18,  1919,  the  minimum 
temperatures  were  above  12.3°  Cent.  (55.1°  Fahr.),  the  daily  mean 
temperatures  were  above  15.7°  Cent.  (61.3°  Fahr.),  and  the  maxi- 
mum temperatures  were  above  19.1°  Cent.  (66.4°  Fahr.),  the  hot- 
test day  being  the  loth  with  the  minimum  18.4°  Cent.  (66.1°  Fahr.), 
the  mean  23.2°  Cent.  (73.7°  Fahr.),  and  the  maximum  27.9°  Cent. 
(82.3°  Fahr.).  Probably  the  growth  on  the  lychee  trees  observed 
about  January  25  resulted  from  this  spell  of  warm  weather. 

Such  a  moderate  warm  spell  as  this  is  sure  to  occur  during 
every  Florida  winter,  with  the  added  stimulus  of  bright  sunshine 
half  or  more  of  the  time. 

If  a  surmise  be  ventured,  I  would  place  the  zero  point  of 
growth  of  the  lychee,  in  the  light  of  the  facts  recorded  above, 
between  16°  Cent,  and  18°  Cent,  (about  6o°-65°  Fahr.).  It  is 
clear  that  the  lychee  has  a  very  low  degree  of  winter  dormancy. 

The  fact  that  the  lychee  was  growing  at  Canton  in  the  last 
week  of  January,  1919,  in  spite  of  prolonged  cloudy  weather  and 
low  maximum  and  mean  temperatures,  proves  that  it  is  able  to 

*Henry,  Alfred  J.  Climatology  of  the  United  States.  Weather  Bulletin  B.(  Washington 
D.  C.,  igo6,  pp.  352-361. 


156  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


break  out  into  new  growth  at  relatively  low  temperatures;  in 
other  words,  that  it  has  a  low  zero  point  for  vegetative  growth, 
just  as  the  West  Indian  lime,  Citrus  aurantifolia  (Christm.)  Swing., 
and  the  guava,  Psidium  Guajava  L.,  both  of  which  are  forced  into 
a  tender  new  growth  by  a  few  days  of  warm  weather  such  as  com- 
monly occur  during  a  Florida  winter.  Both  of  these  plants  suffer 
severely  from  cold  in  all  but  extreme  south  Florida. 

It  appears  very  probable,  then,  that  the  lychee  has  hereto- 
fore failed  to  grow  in  Florida  without  protection  not  so  much 
because  of  any  extreme  sensitiveness  to  cold  as  because  of  its  lack 
of  winter  dormancy  and  low  zero  point  of  growth  which  cause  it 
to  put  out  tender  new  growth  very  liable  to  be  injured  by  even 
moderate  cold  snaps.  Experience  in  Florida  has  shown  only  too 
clearly  that  once  the  lychee  has  started  into  a  tender  new  growth 
it  is  severely  injured  even  by  very  slight  frost  that  would  have  no 
effect  whatever  on  mature  leaves  and  twigs. 

It  would  appear  desirable  to  test  the  lychee  in  south  Florida 
by  giving  it  the  protection  of  a  lath  shed.  Possibly  the  trees 
should  be  shaded  on  hot  days  to  prevent  the  breaking  out  of  new 
growth;  certainly  they  should  be  protected  by  fire-pots,  if  neces- 
sary, on  cold  nights,  and  during  cold  winds  if  in  growth. 

After  the  lychee  has  been  grown  successfully  with  such 
protection  it  might  be  possible  to  work  out  methods  of  culture  in 
certain  favored  locations  without  the  expense  of  sheds,  giving  only 
protection  by  fires  during  severe  cold  spells. 

The  lychee  is  able  to  stand  prolonged  hot,  moist  weather  in 
summer,  in  fact  probably  requires  such  weather  in  order  to  grow 
vigorously  and  fruit  abundantly.  The  summer  climate  of  south 
Florida  is  very  much  like  that  of  south  China,  and  doubtless  the 
lychee  will  feel  at  home  in  Florida  if  it  can  be  properly  protected 
during  the  winter. 

In  view  of  the  exquisite  flavor  and  superb  beauty  of  the  ripe 
fruit  of  the  choicest  varieties  of  the  lychee,  there  is  every  reason 
to  expect  that  this,  the  most  highly  esteemed  fruit  of  China,  will 
be  grown  in  special  greenhouses  by  amateurs  all  over  the  United 
States.  Our  hot  summers,  so  trying  to  many  flowers  and  fruits 
of  Europe,  would  be  beneficial  rather  than  injurious  to  the  lychee, 
and  as  a  relatively  low  temperature  during  winter  is  advantageous 
to  this  tree,  the  expense  of  maintaining  such  a  lychee  house  would 
be  less  than  that  of  an  ordinary  greenhouse.  Now  that  Professor 
Groff  has  brought  the  finest  varieties  of  the  lychee  to  the  United 
States  and  Dr.  Coville  has  worked  out  the  soil  requirements  of  this 
plant,  there  should  be  no  serious  difficulty  encountered  in  fruiting 
this  tree  under  glass. 


APPENDIX  VIII 

ROOTING  LYCHEE  CUTTINGS  BY  MEANS  OF  A  HIGH  TEMPERATURE 
AND  HIGH  HUMIDITY  PROCESS. 

By  EDWARD  GOUCHER 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 

The  vegetative  propagation  of  certain  woody  plants,  especi- 
ally some  of  the  tropical  and  subtropical  fruits,  including  the 
lychee,  has  always  involved  problems  more  or  less  difficult  of  solu- 
tion. In  the  past,  various  methods  to  root  both  hard  and  soft 
wood  cuttings  have  been  tried  with  varied  success,  but  not  any 
have  proved  entirely  satisfactory  or  reliable. 

In  the  case  of  the  lychee  there  has  been  special  need  for 
improved  methods  of  propagation.  Heretofore  it  has  been  neces- 
sary to  propagate  the  desired  varieties  either  by  the  inarch  method 
or  by  grafting  on  seedling  stocks.  As  these  stocks  must  all  be 
grown  from  short-lived  seeds,  secured  abroad,  which  are  very 
difficult  to  obtain  in  living  condition,  an  attempt  to  establish  in 
the  United  States  an  industry  in  this  valuable  fruit  has  been 
greatly  retarded. 

With  the  object  in  view,  therefore,  of  finding  a  solution  of 
the  difficulties,  several  experiments  with  cuttings  of  lychee  were 
made  as  follows: 

(1)  Cuttings  were  taken  from  the  tips  of  young  shoots. 
These  were  made  from  four  to  six  inches  long  and  the  foliage  was 
reduced  about  one-half.    A  ball  of  sphagnum  moss  was  tied  about 
the  base  of  each  cutting  and  these  were  then  placed  in  pans  in  a 
warm  propagating-case. 

(2)  Another  lot  of  cuttings  was  placed  in  a  mixture  of 
Jersey  muck  and  silver  sand,  in  a  case  similar  to  the  above. 

Not  any  of  the  cuttings  in  either  of  these  two  experiments 
rooted,  but  their  behavior  was  very  valuable  in  later  experiments. 
In  the  hot,  humid  atmosphere  of  the  propagating-case  all  of  the 
cuttings  of  lychee,  placed  in  both  the  moss  and  soil,  had  their  lower 
ends  decayed,  while  the  tops  remained  in  splendid  condition.  And 
some  cuttings  formed  a  callus  just  above  the  surface  soil,  indicating 
that  they  needed  more  aeration  at  their  base. 

(3)  The  third  trial  was  then  made  with  cuttings  set  in 
inverted  pots,  the  stem  ends  shoved  through  the  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom.    A  small  quantity  of  sphagnum  moss  was  packed  about  the 
base  so  as  to  steady  them,  and  the  inverted  pots  were  then  placed 
on  a  bed  of  moss  in  the  propagating-case.     About  forty  per  cent  of 

157 


158  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


this  lot  formed  roots,  the  remainder  decaying  at  the  base,  but  with 
some  callousing  above  the  dead  wood. 

(4)  In  the  final  and  most  successful  experiment  a  number 
of  three-inch  pots  were  two-thirds  filled  with  a  mixture  of  Jersey 
muck  and  silver  sand  of  equal  parts.  The  cuttings  were  made 
with  only  a  small  portion  of  the  foliage  removed.  Each  cutting 
was  then  tied  to  a  six-inch  pot  label,  and  the  labels  were  shoved 
down  into  the  partly  filled  pots  until  the  base  of  each  cutting  just 
touched  the  soil.  These  cuttings  formed  a  callus  in  from  eight  to 
ten  days  and  some  sent  their  roots  down  into  the  soil  in  twenty 
days  after  planting.  Eighty  per  cent  of  these  cuttings  rooted,  and 
when  they  were  thoroughly  rooted  the  pots  were  filled  with  soil 
and  the  plants  were  removed  to  a  cooler  section  of  the  propagating- 
case  in  order  to  prepare  them  gradually  for  greenhouse  conditions. 

Construction  of  the  Propagat ing-Case. 

The  propagating-case  contains  a  shallow,  galvanized  iron 
pan  for  water  which  is  heated  by  means  of  an  electric  heater  or  a 
small  oil-stove  hot-water  equipment.  Over  the  pan  is  placed  a 
false  bottom  of  one-fourth-inch  wire  mesh  which  is  covered  with 
moss.  Upon  this  moss  the  pots  containing  the  cuttings  are  placed. 
Over  the  box,  which  is  tightly  constructed  so  as  to  conserve  all  the 
heat,  a  hinged  sash  is  fitted.  This  must  fit  sufficiently  snug  to 
prevent  evaporation. 

A  very  simple  outfit  for  field  use  has  been  made  similar  to 
the  above.  The  heating  equipment  consists  of  an  oil-stove  with 
water  attachment.  A  small  one  gallon  boiler  is  located  immedi- 
ately over  the  oil-stove,  not  unlike  an  incubator.  A  one-inch  pipe 
extends  out  from  the  top  of  the  boiler,  and  under  the  water-tank 
which  it  encircles,  and  then  returns  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler. 

Preparation  and  Treatment  of  Cuttings. 

As  already  indicated,  great  care  must  be  taken  in  the  pre- 
paration of  cuttings  not  to  allow  them  to  become  dry.  After  they 
are  removed  from  the  parent  plant  they  should  be  immediately 
immersed  in  water.  The  lychee  seems  to  delight  in  a  hot,  moist 
atmosphere.  A  temperature  of  85  to  90  degrees  should  be  main- 
tained in  the  propagating-case  and  cuttings  should  be  kept  moist 
at  all  times.  The  foliage  should  be  wet  down  several  times  during 
the  day  if  necessary,  and  shaded  from  bright  sunlight.  The  lychee 
is  peculiar  in  its  ability  to  stand  up  under  these  hot,  moist  condi- 
tions. Cuttings  of  other  fruits  will  collapse  completely;  others 


ROOTING     LYCHEE    CUTTINGS  159 


callous  but  do  not  send  out  roots;  and  still  others  go  to  pieces  in  a 
few  days.  The  lychee,  on  the  other  hand,  will  quickly  wither  if 
allowed  to  become  dry. 

The  chief  difficulties  experienced  have  been  in  removing 
the  plants  from  the  sweat-box.  This  must  be  accomplished 
gradually,  and  in  order  to  do  this  one  should  have  one  or  two  other 
boxes  in  which  there  is  a  gradual  let-down  of  temperature  and 
humidity.  With  the  right  kind  of  cuttings  and  facilities  there  is 
no  reason  why  the  propagation  of  the  lychee  from  cuttings  should 
not  prove  a  most  advantageous  commercial  method  of  multiplying 
desirable  varieties  of  this  interesting  plant. 


APPENDIX  IX 

SUNG  OHIO'S  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  A  LYCHEE  CLUB 

AT  P'UT'IEN,  FUKIEN  PROVINCE,  DURING  THE  MING 

DYNASTY* 

Translated  by  Michael  J.  Hagerty,  Chinese  Translator  of  the  United 

States  Department  of  Agriculture,  assisted  by  Ch'en 

Ts'ing-hua  and  Wu  Mien 

INTRODUCTION 

Sung  Chio  (literary  name  Sung  Ta-mo)  in  1608  wrote  his  Li  chih  p'u  or 
treatise  on  the  lychee.  He  was  a  native  of  P'ut'ien  district  in  Hsinghwa  prefecture, 
one  of  the  famous  lychee-grpwing  regions  in  Fukien  Province. 

His  treatise  is  reprinted  both  in  the  Imperial  Encyclopedia  (see  p.  119, 
No.  5)  and  in  Mr.  Wu's  great  work  on  Chinese  Botany  (see  p.  120,  No.  n).  It 
contains  seven  chapters,  as  follows:  i.  "Fortunate  Occupation"  (Introduction); 
2.  "The  Lychee  Club";  3.  "The  Narrative"  (History);  4.  "Records  of  the  Sung 
Family  Lychee";  5.  "Lychee  Wine" ;  6.  "Remarkable  Events";  7.  "The  Lychee 
Slave  (Lungan)."  The  whole  treatise  is  written  in  a  highly  imaginative  style 
and  is  replete  with  hyperboles  and  literary  allusions.  The  author  extols  the  lychee 
above  all  other  fruits.  "The  lychee  is  the  genius,  the  Buddha  of  the  fruits;  there 
is  nothing  to  be  compared  to  it,"  so  he  begins  his  treatise.  In  the  first  chapter  he 
tells  of  eating  a  thousand  or  two  lychee  fruits  a  day  and  a  hundred  thousand  fruits 
during  the  season.  Only  two  of  his  friends,  Kup  Sh&ig-tai  and  Fang  Tzu-tao, 
could  eat  as  many.  He  says,  "I  took  pleasure  in  separating  the  varieties  and 
enjoyed  compiling  this  treatise." 

Under  the  heading  "Unalloyed  Bliss  in  Eating  the  Lychee,"  he  lists 
thirty-three  favorable  or  auspicous  circumstances  which  add  to  the  pleasure  of 
eating  lychee,  such  as:  "the  coming  of  agreeable  friends,"  "facing  flowing 
water,"  "examining  treatises  on  the  lychee,"  etc.,  etc.  Then  under  "Somber 
Happenings  in  Eating  the  Lychee,"  he  lists  thirty-four  unfavorable  circum- 
stances tending  to  diminish  the  pleasure  derived  from  eating  the  lychees,  such 
as:  "heavy  rains,"  "having  people  about  who  do  not  like  to  eat  lychees,"  "lis- 
tening to  bad  poems  or  songs,"  "urging  guests  not  to  eat  lychee  under  pre- 
tense of  avoiding  ill  effects  from  the  heat,"  appearance  of  the  Pine  cone  vari- 
ety," (the  last  to  ripen,  marking  the  end  of  the  season),  etc.,  etc. 

*This  translation  of  Sung  Chio's  account  of  a  lychee  club  is  taken  from  the  second  chapter 
of  his  Li  chih  p'u  reprinted  in  the  Chinese  Imperial  Encyclopedia,  Book  273,  Hui  Kao,  Pt.  i,  fol. 
7  of  the  Small  Edition,  or  Pt.  i,  fol.  15-16  of  the  Imperial  Edition. 

Sung  Chio's  entire  work  and  the  five  other  treatises  on  the  lychee  reprinted  in  this  En- 
cyclopedia, have  been  translated  by  Mr.  Hagerty  assisted  by  Ch'en  Ts'ing-hua  and  Wu  Mien. 
Photostat  copies  of  the  typewritten  translations,  as  well  as  of  the  entire  text  of  the  Imperial  Edition 
of  the  Encyclopedia  referring  to  the  lychee  and  lungan  (Books  273-277  and  part  of  Book  280,  in  all, 
202  folios),  may  be  secured  by  arrangement  with  the  Library  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  Translations  of  the  other  four  treatises  on  the  lychee  (Nos.  i,  2,  4 
and  9,  on  pp.  118-119),  not  reprinted  in  the  Imperial  Encyclopedia,  as  well  as  the  Chinese  texts,  can 
also  be  secured  there. 

The  Library  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  has  also  a  set  of  photostat  copies  of 
he  historical  and  botanical  references  on  the  lychee  from  western  sources,  409  pages  in  all,  prepared 
by  Mrs.  Walter  T.  Swingle  (Nos.  100-232,  see  pp.  127-141).  These  also  may  be  secured  by  special 
arrangement. 

160 


THE    ORGANIZATION    OF    A    LYCHEE    CLUB  161 


CHAPTER  II 

The  Lychee  Club 

"The  people  of  the  Min-hao1  region  (though  living  near  the 
lychee  districts)  do  not  all  see  the  lychee.  To  see  this  fruit,  to 
obtain  some  to  eat  during  the  ripening  season,  and  when  eating 
to  obtain  one's  fill,  to  taste  all  the  famous  varieties — these,  like 
visiting  the  Mermaids'  palace2  and  Ch'i  Nu's3  mansion  to  obtain 
all  one  wants  of  bright  pearls  an  inch  through  and  coral  branches 
ten  feet  long,  are  not  easy.  The  people  of  leisure  in  Wu4  and 
Yueh5  (far  distant  from  the  lychee  districts)  who  hear  of  this  fruit 
can  enjoy  it  only  through  their  ears,  though  the  hearing  of  it  makes 
them  imagine  they  can  see  it  and  causes  their  mouths  to  water  so 
profusely  that  they  wet  their  feet  and  are  compelled  to  roll  up  the 
skirts  of  their  robes,  embarrassing  them  so  that  they  do  not  know 
what  to  do.  There  has  been  no  lack  of  curious  people  in  the  world 
who  nevertheless  do  not  travel  a  thousand  or  a  hundred  //  to  see 
this  fruit.  The  natives  (living  in  lychee  districts)  are  so  accus- 
tomed to  seeing  and  hearing  of  this  fruit  that  they  do  not  appre- 
ciate those  bright  pearls  and  corals  and  even  regard  them  as  being 
no  better  than  sweet  peaches  or  sweet  plums.  So  therefore  I 
have  written  the  metaphors  on  "Unalloyed  Bliss"  and  "Somber 
Happenings"  (see  above).6 

"My  friends  of  the  same  tastes  as  myself  in  the  village  are 
few  and  their  capacity  for  eating  lychee  is  very  small.7  Many 
times  I  have  wanted  to  invite  a  number  of  friends  to  form  a  club 
like  the  Lien  She8  and  the  Mei  She,9  but  for  one  reason  or  another 
this  wish  was  never  realized.  At  the  end  of  spring  Fang  Tzu-tao 
came  to  see  me  and  I  talked  to  him  about  this  subject.  He  was 
pleased  and  said:  'Last  summer  while  visiting  in  Yun-chien10  I 
earnestly  thought  about  this  fruit  and  now  I  shall  not  lightly  reject 
this  opportunity.'  Accordingly,  on  the  6th  day  of  the  6th  month 
we  began  to  meet  in  the  Ts'ui  family  garden  now  belonging  to  the 

1  Fuchow  in  Fukien  Province. 

2  The  Shu  I  Chi  (collection  of  notes  on  the  wonderful,  by  J£n  Fang  of  the  early  part  of  the 
6th  century)  says  that  the  Chiap  J£n  or  Mermaids  dwell  under  the  water  like  fish,  where  they  weave 
without  stopping  and  when  their  tears  drop  from  their  eyes  they  turn  into  pearls.     See  T'zii  Yuan 
p.  56,  under  the  iQSth  radical. 

3  This  is  the  'hao'  or  pseudonym  of  Shih  Ch'ung,  a  man  famous  for  his  great  wealth,  which 
he  was  fond  of  displaying.     See  Giles  C.  P.  D.,  p.  651. 

4  Kiangsu  Province. 

5  Chekiang  Province. 

6  This  introductory  paragraph  is  so  obscure  and  so  full  of  hyperboles  as  to  be  difficult  to 
render  literally  in  English. 

7  As  compared  with  his  own  capacity  to  eat  one  or  two  thousand  fruits  a  day. 

8  Lien  She — Lotus  Club. 

9  Mei  She — Plum  Blossom  Club. 

Jo  The  present  Huat'ing  district  in  Sunkiang  prefecture  in  Kiangsu. 


162  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


brothers  Lin  Ch'ien-po  and  Lin  Shou-po  and  we  agreed  to  meet 
once  every  day  until  the  lychee  fruiting  season  was  over  and  then 
stop.  The  by-laws  of  our  club  consisted  of  five  articles.  I  was 
made  director  of  the  club.  Though  this  fruit  is  a  wonderful  and 
mysterious  thing,  yet  we  are  able  to  value,  cherish,  and  also  guard 
it  by  forming  into  a  club  those  who  have  the  same  liking  for  it  as 
ourselves. 

"We  will  meet  when  the  weather  is  fine.  For  a  tent  we  will 
use  the  heavy  shade.  For  a  bath  we  will  use  the  cold  fountain. 
For  a  covering  we  will  use  clothing  that  the  breezes  blow  through. 
For  illumination  we  use  cool  moonlight.  To  mix  with  the  lychee 
we  will  use  dark  blue  wine.  For  relief  (from  over-eating)  we 
will  drink  cold  syrup.  To  verify  statements  concerning  the  lychee 
we  will  use  the  old  records.  To  record  our  business  we  will 
use  new  poems. 

"Although  we  are  living  in  a  foul,  dusty  world,  still  we  are 
able  to  view  the  borders  of  the  capital  of  the  genii  and  while  our 
bodies  dwell  within  a  fiery  city,  our  spirits  roam  throughout  the 
cool  valleys.  Not  only  those  people  of  leisure  living  in  Wu  and 
Yuen  cannot  gratify  these  longings,  even  Po  Fu1  who  broke  the 
purple  silk  in  Nan-pin2  or  Su  Weng  who  was  presented  with  some 
deep  red  hornless  dragon  pearls  (ch'en  ch'iu  chu)3  in  Ling-piao4 
are  like  one  who  calls  himself  venerable  when  there  is  no  Buddha 
around  and  that  they  could  not  compete  with  us  is  clear. 

By-Laws: 

(1)  "The  club  begins  to  meet  when  the  Huo  shan  (Volcano) 
variety  is  entirely  ripe  and  ceases  to  meet  on  the  day  when  the 
Sung  lei  (Pine  cone)  variety  comes  forth.     Each  day  one  member 
acts  as  director  and  procures  three  thousand  fruits  as  an  average, 
but  if  there  are  more,  then  the  pleasure  is  greater. 

(2)  "Whoever  acts  as  director  sends  out  announcements 
before  the  time  of  meeting.     As  the  club  has  no  fixed  meeting- 
place,  either  an  old  Buddhist  temple  or  a  famous  garden  will  be 

*  This  is  an  allusion  to  the  following  incident  n6ted  in  the  biography  of  Po  Chu-i  found  in 
Old  History  of  the  T'ang  dynasty:    "The  lychee  fruit  grown  around  the  gorges  of  Pa  I  or  Eastern 
Ssuch'iian  has  a  hull  that  is  like  red  silk,  and  inner  skin  that  is  like  purple  silk.     Its  pulp  is  bright 
like  frozen  snow  with  juice  of  a  'sweet  sour'  taste  like  rich,  sweet  wine."     See  P  ei  Wen  YSn  Fu, 

3  Ch'en  Ch'iu  chu — deep  red,  hornless  dragon  pearls.  This  is  an  allusion  to  an  incident 
mentioned  in  the  following  two  lines  of  a  poem  written  by  Su  Tung-p'o  upon  eating  some  lychee  fruit 
on  the  nth  day  of  the  4th  month: 

'You  rinse  the  wine  cups  and  pour  out  the  excellent  wine, 
While  on  this  transparent  dish  you  present  me  with  these 
deep-red  hornless  dragon  pearls.' 

*  Ling-nan.     See  P'ei  W6n  Yun  Fu,  Bk.  7,  Pt.  i,  p.  108,  r. 


THE    ORGANIZATION    OF    A    LYCHEE    CLUB  163 


suitable  for  this  purpose.  One  may  come  by  boat  or  horseback, 
following  the  course  he  finds  suitable.  The  club  will  often  meet 
in  remote  country  places  where  we  will  have  even  more  seclusion. 

(3)  "The  club  will  meet  in  the  morning  and  adjourn  in  the 
evening.     At  noon  we  will  eat  some  vegetable  congee  and  in  the 
evening  supplement  this  with  several  cups  of  clear  broth.     There 
will  be  no  large  vessels  of  strong  rank  meats  to  mar  the  refinement 
of  our  gatherings. 

(4)  "When  about  to  separate  each  member  must  select  a 
theme  and  a  rhyme  and  at  the  following  meeting  he  must  present 
his  poem.     If  it  is  not  finished  he  is  punished  by  having  three 
thousand  fruits  taken  from  him.     At  meeting-time,  members  will 
devote  themselves  to  eating  and  drinking  and  not  occupy  them- 
selves with  poems  and  songs  but  each  following  his  own  inclination 
may  either  take  the  tripod  for  warming  tea,  play  chess,  recline 
upon  a  pillow  or  mat,  enjoy  fragrant  incense,  chat,  laugh  and  not 
bother  about  anything  else. 

(5)  "Those  who  disturb  our  ideas  and  who  shirk  should 
be  dealt  with  strictly,  while  the  dilettanti  who  enter  (uninvited) 
shall  not  be  excluded." 


APPENDIX  X 
DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE  I.  Reproduction  of  a  painting  of  the  lychee  attributed  to  the  Sung 
Emperor,  Hui  Tsung  (1100-1126  A.  D.)  and  entitled  "The  Ch'en  Purple 
Lychee  Embroidered  Fragrant  Bag."  Photograph,  February,  1921,  by 
permission  of  The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  (one-third  natural  size). 

PLATE  II,  Frontispiece.  A  Kwangtung  lychee  landscape.  A  nine-story  pagoda, 
a  Canton  slipper-boat  and  lychee  trees  along  the  dykes  of  the  streams.  Honan 
Island,  Canton,  China.  January,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1049.544)  by  the 
author. 

PLATE  III,  FIGURE  ia.  Reproduction  of  a  rubbing  of  the  "Li  Chih  P'u"  by 
Ts'ai  Hsiang  (two-fifths  natural  size).  This  work  was  composed  in  Fukien 
Province,  China,  in  1059  A.  D.  It  was  divided  into  seven  parts  of  which  this 
page,  scarred  and  cracked,  represents  the  first  portion  of  Part  I.  The  work 
is  possibly  the  oldest  horticultural  monograph  extant.  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  literary 
name  is  (Ts'ai)  Chun-mo;  and  his  canonization  title,  given  by  the  Emperor 
after  his  death,  is  (Ts'ai)  Chung-hsiang  Kung.  Photograph,  December,  1920, 
for  the  author,  from  the  copy  in  the  Library  of  Congress  Chinese  collection. 
The  set  of  rubbings  from  the  inscription  on  stone,  in  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress Chinese  collection,  is  mounted,  Chinese  style,  in  a  folded  portfolio  of  70 
pages.  Photostat  copies  of  this,  as  well  as  of  a  set  of  rubbings  from  a  facsimile 
copy  on  wood,  in  which  all  the  characters  are  perfect,  can  be  secured  by 
arrangement  with  the  Library  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

PLATE  III,  FIGURE  ib.  Reproduction  of  a  copy  of  the  "Li  Chih  P'u"  by  Ts'ai 
Hsiang,  neatly  written  upon  silk.  This  page  also  represents  Part  I  of  the 
work  and  is  reproduced  here  about  two-fifths  natural  size.  The  silk  copy 
which  has  been  in  the  possession  of  one  Chinese  family  for  at  least  five  genera- 
tions, though  slightly  worm-eaten,  is  well  preserved.  Photograph,  1920,  for 
the  author. 

PLATE  IV,  FIGURE  ic.  Reproduction  of  a  reprint  of  the  "Li  Chih  P'u"  by 
Ts'ai  Hsiang,  representing  the  first  page  of  Part  II  as  it  appears  in  the  Tsung 
Li  Yaman  reprint,  of  The  Chinese  Imperial  Encyclopedia  (two-thirds  natural 
size).  Photograph,  1920,  for  the  author,  from  the  copy  in  the  Library  of 
Congress  Chinese  collection. 

PLATE  V,  FIGURE  2.  Fruiting  material  of  an  herbarium  specimen  of  Litchi 
philippinensis  Radlk  (one-half  natural  size).  The  specimen  was  collected  in 
Tambalos  Province,  Luzon,  P.  I.,  in  April,  1905,  by  W.  M.  Maule.  A  quo- 
tation from  Radlkofer,  attached  to  the  specimen,  states:  "These  fruits  seem 
really  partly  to  split  by  exsiccation,  but  nevertheless  the  plant  is  from  floral 
and  anatomical  characters  a  true  litchi."  It  is  important  as  a  matter  of  record 
to  note,  on  the  leaves  of  this  specimen,  lychee  leaf-galls,  a  species  of  Eriophyes, 
a  conspicuous  enemy  of  the  cultivated  lychee  (see  page  84) .  Photograph  by 
the  author  (No.  31136),  February,  1918,  with  permission  of  the  Bureau  of 
Science,  Manila,  P.  I. 

PLATE  V,  FIGURE  3.  Fruiting  material  of  an  herbarium  specimen  of  Euphoria 
cinerea  Radlk  (one-half  natural  size).  The  collector  was  H.  N.  Whitford. 
The  fruits  were  secured  from  a  5o-meter  tree  growing  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on 
river-bottom  land,  along  Lamao  River,  P.  I.  Photograph  by  the  author  (No. 
31134),  February,  1918,  with  permission  of  the  Bureau  of  Science,  Manila,  P.  I. 

164 


DETAILED    DESCRIPTION    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  165 


PLATE  VI,  FIGURE  4.  The  root  system  of  a  mature  lychee  tree,  as  seen  along 
the  side  of  a  dyke,  the  earth  of  which  had  been  washed  away  by  flood.  Near 
Nan  Kang,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1151)  by 
the  author. 

PLATE  VI,  FIGURE  5.  A  flower  panicle  of  the  lychee,  San  yueh  hung  variety. 
Near  Nan  Kang,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1152) 
by  the  author. 

PLATE  VII,  FIGURE  6.  An  inner  and  an  outer  dyke  along  the  Pearl  River,  both 
planted  with  lychee  trees.  In  the  low,  wet  field,  bounded  by  these  dykes, 
Cantonese  farmers  are  setting  out,  in  straight  rows,  young  rice  plants.  Ling 
Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton,  China,  April,  1915.  Photograph 
(No.  1057.595)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  VII,  FIGURE  7.  A  lotus  pond  surrounded  by  dykes.  The  limb  of  a 
lychee  tree  extends  out  over  the  pond.  Li  Chih  Wan  (Canton's  Public  Fruit 
Park),  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1069.702)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  VIII,  FIGURE  8.  A  dyked  field  in  the  Canton  Delta,  planted  to  sagit- 
taria.  Cantonese  women  are  standing  in  the  mud,  up  to  the  knees,  harvesting 
the  crop.  Notice  again  lychee  trees  planted  along  the  dykes.  Near  Canton, 
China,  December,  1913.  Photograph  (No.  1029.281)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  VIII,  FIGURE  9.  Fish-ponds,  in  which  fish  are  cultured,  formed  by  the 
dykes  constructed  along  the  Pearl  River.  Students  standing  under  the  lychee 
trees  and  fishing  in  the  ponds.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton, 
China.  Summer,  1916.  Photograph  (No.  4120.1339)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  IX,  FIGURE  10.  Pearl  River  dykes  held  in  place  by  stone  walls  and  lychee 
trees.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton,  China.  June,  1914. 
Photograph  (No.  1038.443)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  IX,  FIGURE  n.  The  Pearl  River  in  flood,  showing  the  ability  of  the 
lychee  to  withstand  the  submersion  of  roots  for  long  periods  of  time.  Floods 
in  Kwangtung  are  frequent  and  severe,  but  lychee  trees,  planted  along  the 
dykes,  withstand  the  force  of  the  streams.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian 
College),  Canton,  China.  July,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1078.753)  by  the 
author. 

PLATE  X,  FIGURE  12.  A  walk  along  a  lychee  dyke.  Near  Canton,  China, 
March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1153)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  X,  FIGURE  13.  The  dykes  in  south  China  are  usually  planted  to  fruit. 
Lychee  trees  on  the  left  and  plum  trees  on  the  right.  Honan  Island,  Canton, 
China,  January,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1050.545)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XI,  FIGURE  14.  Students  picking  lychee  in  the  well-formed  dyke  plan- 
tation of  the  Canton  Christian  College.  These  trees  are  the  Huai  chin 
variety.  The  students  often  purchase  a  whole  tree  of  fruits.  This  photo 
was  taken  when  the  tides  were  high  and  the  water  reached  to  the  branches 
of  the  trees.  Ling  Nan,  Canton,  China,  July,  1914.  Photograph  (No. 
4052.454)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XI,  FIGURE  15.  Crop  watcher  who,  during  the  fruiting  season  of  lychee, 
sleeps  and  eats  on  the  dykes,  thus  protecting  his  crop.  Note  his  thatched  hut 
on  the  right,  under  the  trees.  He  has  picked  a  basket  of  fruits  and  is  preparing 
them  for  the  market.  Ling  Nan,  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph 
(No.  1063.695)  by  the  author. 


166  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


PLATE  XII,  FIGURE  16.  Ling  Nan  lychee  ready  for  the  market.  This  is  one 
of  the  types  of  basket,  made  locally  from  stripped  bamboo,  in  which  the  fruit 
is  marketed.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton,  China,  July, 

1914.  Photograph  (No.  4053.455)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XII,  FIGURE  17.  Clusters  of  lychee,  Huai  chih  variety,  as  they  form  on 
the  trees.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton,  China,  June, 

1915.  Photograph  (No.  4070.694)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XIII,  FIGURE  18.  A  group  of  Canton  Christian  College  Middle  School 
students  as  seen  at  the  time  of  a  favorite  practicum — a  study  of  the  varieties 
of  the  lychee.  Ling  Nan,  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No. 
4069.693)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XIV,  FIGURE  19.  A  fruiting  limb  of  a  lychee  tree.  Ling  Nan  (Canton 
Christian  College),  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1156)  by 
the  author. 

PLATE  XIV,  FIGURE  20.  The  head  of  a  lychee  tree  in  fruit,  showing  the  ex- 
tremely heavy  yield.  Note  especially  how  the  heavily  fruiting  limbs  have 
been  braced  with  bamboo  poles.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College), 
Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1157)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XV,  FIGURE  21.  Lychee  trees,  along  the  dykes,  the  fruit  of  which  is 
protected  from  the  ravages  of  bats  by  meshed  wire  netting,  stretched  from 
poles  stuck  into  the  mud  of  the  ponds.  The  flight  of  the  bats  to  the  trees  is 
thus  checked.  Li  Chih  Wan,  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No. 
1068.700)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XV,  FIGURE  22.  A  view  of  the  terraced  hills,  planted  to  fruit,  at  Lo 
Kang.  The  irregularly  constructed  steps  along  the  sides  of  these  hills  are 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  wide  and  quite  level.  The  sides  of  the  steps,  as 
seen  by  a  man  standing  on  each  terrace,  are  perpendicular  and  from  four  to 
six  feet  high.  Lo  Kang,  Kwangtung,  China,  April  9,  1919.  Photograph 
(No.  31480)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XVI,  FIGURE  23.  The  outer  stockade  built  about  the  famous  Kua  lu 
lychee  tree.  With  fruit  worth  $24  per  catty  (one  and  one- third  pounds)  no 
chances  are  taken  by  the  owners  with  thieves.  This,  the  original  Kua  lu  tree, 
is  said  to  produce  fruit  of  very  superior  quality  and  flavor.  However,  layers 
from  the  tree  planted  elsewhere  are  said  to  be  far  inferior  to  the  original.  The 
original  tree  is  very  old  and  in  the  days  of  the  Empire  all  the  fruit  was  sent 
to  Peking  or  found  its  way  into  the  hands  of  officials.  Tseng  Ch'ing,  Kwang- 
tung, China,  June  28,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31313)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XVI,  FIGURE  24.  In  addition  to  the  stockade  (Fig.  23),  enclosing  the 
Kua  lu  lychee,  there  is  an  inner  fence  of  bamboo.  In  addition  to  this  pro- 
tection against  thieves,  there  is  a  fish-net  thrown  over  the  entire  tree  in  order 
to  protect  the  fruit  from  the  attack  of  birds.  It  is  reported  that  when  the 
fruit  is  being  picked  from  this  tree  it  is  customary  for  the  owner  to  require 
pickers  to  sing  in  a  loud  voice,  thus  assuring  that  no  fruit  is  being  eaten. 
Tseng  Ch'ing,  Kwangtung,  China,  June  28,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31316) 
by  the  author. 


DETAILED    DESCRIPTION    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  167 


PLATE  XVII,  FIGURE  25.  Upland  orchard  of  lychee,  revealing  the  tree,  in 
shape  and  size  not  unlike  that  of  apple.  The  magnificent  culture  of  these 
trees  of  Huai  chih  variety  as  seen  on  these  foothills  establishes  the  fact  that 
it  is  not  necessary  to  grow  this  tree  along  the  streams  if  the  rainfall  is  sufficient 
during  the  fruiting  season.  Hsin  T'ang,  district  of  Tung  Kuan,  Kwangtung, 
China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1150)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XVIII,  FIGURE  26.  Lychee  nurseries  at  the  village  of  Fang  Yung. 
Lychee  trees  are  very  tender,  especially  when  young  and  the  nursery  plantings 
are  protected  from  the  cold  winter  winds  by  a  magnificent  hedge  of  mango 
trees.  Fang  Yung,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917. 
Photograph  (No.  T  149)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XVIII,  FIGURE  27.  Fang  Yung  nurseryman  in  his  orchard  of  specially 
selected  and  named  trees,  from  which  his  nursery  stock  of  lychee  is  propagated. 
Fang  Yung,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photo- 
graph (No.  1148)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XIX,  FIGURE  28.  A  pair  of  Ta  tsao — Large  crop — lychee  as  seen  in  the 
nursery  village  of  Fang  Yung,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March, 
1917.  Photograph  (No.  1147)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XIX,  FIGURE  29.  Mr.  Chan  P'eng  Cheung,  nurseryman  of  Fang  Yung, 
seated  under  a  beautiful  specimen  of  lychee,  the  Hsi  chio  tsu — Rhinoceros 
horn — variety.  Notice  the  vines  and  lichens  growing  along  the  trunk  of  the 
tree.  Fang  Yung,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917. 
Photograph  (No.  1146)  by  the  author.  < 

PLATE  XX.  An  acid  peaty  soil  better  for  the  lychee  than  an  ordinary  fertile 
soil.  On  June  21,  1920,  these  two  lychee  plants  were  of  similar  size  and 
condition  of  health.  On  January  u,  1921,  when  this  photograph  was  taken, 
the  condition  of  the  two  was  conspicuously  different.  The  vigorous  healthy 
plant  at  the  left  had  been  growing  for  the  seven  months  in  an  acid  soil,  con- 
sisting of  £wo  parts  of  upland  peat  to  one  of  sand,  while  the  weak  unhealthy 
plant  at  the  right  had  been  growing  for  the  same  period  in  an  ordinary  rich 
soil  made  up  of  equal  parts  of  loam,  manure,  and  sand.  (One-fifth  natural 
size.)  Photograph  from  Frederick  V.  Coville. 

PLATE  XXI.  Healthy  lychee  root  showing  the  mycorhizal  tubercles.  This  is  a 
photograph  (six  times  natural  size)  of  a  healthy  root  from  a  lychee  plant  grown 
in  an  acid  peat-and-sand  soil.  The  tubercles  are  gorged  with  mycorhizal 
fungi.  Plants  grown  in  an  ordinary  rich  soil  are  small  and  weak  and  bear  no 
tubercles.  Photograph  from  Frederick  V.  Coville. 

PLATE  XXII.  Enlarged  sections  of  lychee  root  tubercles  showing  the  cells 
gorged  with  the  mycorhizal  fungus.  Microphotographs  by  Dr.  Emil  G. 
Arzberger. 

FIGURE  a.    Median  longitudinal  section  of  a  tubercle,  showing  the  fungus 
mycelium  in  nearly  all  the  cortical  cells.     (Magnification  195  diameters.) 

FIGURE  b.    Two  of  the  outer  cortical  cells  of  a  tubercle,  showing  the  form 
of  the  fungus  mycelium.     (Magnification  830  diameters.) 


168  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


PLATE  XXIII.  Cells  of  lychee  root  tubercles  containing  the  mycorhizal  fungus. 
Drawings  by  Dr.  Arzberger  with  the  aid  of  a  camera  lucida. 

FIGURE  a.  Group  of  host  cells  from  the  outer  part  of  the  cortex,  contain- 
ing a  relatively  stout  mycelium.  (Magnification  775  diameters.) 

FIGURE  b.  Group  of  host  cells  from  the  inner  part  of  the  cortex,  showing  a 
distorted  host  nucleus  and  the  relationship  of  the  branches  of  the  mycelium 
to  one  another.  (Magnification  775  diameters.) 

FIGURE  c.  Host  cell  from  the  outer  part  of  the  cortex,  showing  a  large 
nucleus  and  the  presence  of  cytoplasm.  (Magnification  775  diameters.) 

FIGURE  d.  Group  of  inner  cortical  host  cells,  bordering  on  the  vascular 
cylinder,  showing  the  structure  and  relationship  of  the  mycelial  branches. 
(Magnification  500  diameters.) 

PLATE  XXIV,  FIGURE  30.  Reclaimed  swampy  land,  planted  to  lychee.  A 
clear  illustration  of  the  raised-bed  system  of  orchard  planting,  Tung  Kuan 
district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1145)  by  the 
author. 

PLATE  XXIV,  FIGURE  31.  Scene  of  low-lying  lychee  groves,  from  substantially 
constructed  bridge  across  a  canal,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China, 
March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1143)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXV,  FIGURE  32.  Cantonese  farmer  at  work  along  the  dykes,  fertilizing 
lychee  trees  with  night  soil.  The  fertilizer  is  carried  in  the  buckets,  from  the 
boats  (PLATE  XXVI,  FIGURE  34) ;  small  holes  are  dug  near  the  base  of  the 
tree  and  a  liberal  quantity  of  this  liquid  fertilizer  is  poured  into  the  holes.  In 
the  watery  field  on  the  left  sagittaria  is  growing;  in  the  field  to  the  right  the 
stubble  remaining  from  the  second  crop  of  rice  is  seen.  Near  Canton,  China, 
December,  1913.  Photograph  (No.  1026.242)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXVI,  FIGURE  33.  A  raised-bed  plantation  of  lychee,  showing  holes 
dug  in  the  beds,  into  which  the  liquid  night  soil  is  poured.  Honan  Island, 
Canton,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1144)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXVI,  FIGURE  34.  Unloading  night  soil  boats  for  tMe  fertilizing  of 
lychee  trees.  Hundreds  of  these  boats  ply  between  Canton  City  and  the 
country  districts.  The  long  bamboo  handle  on  the  dipper  serves  also  as  a 
pole  on  which  to  swing  the  two  buckets  when  the  man  carries  them,  swung 
across  his  shoulder,  to  the  dykes.  Near  Canton,  China,  December,  1913. 
Photograph  (No.  1025.241)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXVII,  FIGURE  35.  Lychee  fruits  arriving  at  the  markets  in  Canton. 
The  fruits  are.  transported  from  the  districts  in  the  large,  covered,  bamboo 
baskets,  in  the  passage  boats  seen  in  the  photograph.  The  man,  singing  as 
he  jogs  along,  is  carrying  two  of  these  heavy  baskets  of  fruit,  one  attached  to 
each  end  of  a  large  bamboo  pole  swung  across  his  shoulder.  Canton  City, 
China,  July,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1077.739)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXVII,  FIGURE  36.  Extensive  nursery  beds  of  lychee  as  seen  at  Fang 
Yung.  These  plants  have  all  been  "Chinese  air-layered"  from  selected  trees 
and  planted  closely  together  in  nursery  beds.  Fang  Yung,  Tung  Kuan 
district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1142)  by  the 
author. 


DETAILED    DESCRIPTION    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  169 


PLATE  XXVIII,  FIGURE  37.  The  common  method  of  raising  the  young  lychee 
trees  from  their  nursery  beds.  A  ball  of  earth  is  kept  intact  with  each  tree 
raised,  held  in  place  by  ropes  of  rice  straw  carefully  bound  about  the  earth 
before  the  tree  is  moved.  A  large,  sharp  chisel  is  used  to  raise  the  tree.  Fang 
Yung,  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  March,  1917.  Photograph 
(No.  1141)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXVIII,  FIGURE  38.  The  lychee  trees  are  transported  from  the  nurseries 
in  boats,  as  seen  in  the  illustration.  Tung  Kuan  district,  Kwangtung,  China, 
March,  1917.  Photograph  (No.  1140)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXIX,  FIGURE  39.  Potted  lychee  on  sale  in  the  Hua  Ti  Gardens  near 
Canton.  Hundreds  of  these  plants,  sold  under  variety  names,  can  be  found 
in  these  world-famous  gardens.  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No. 
1073.709)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXIX,  FIGURE  40.  Potted  fruits  are  favorite  ornamentals  of  the 
Chinese.  Small  pots  of  fruiting  lychee  are  not  uncommon.  Hua  Ti  Gardens, 
Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1072.708)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXX,  FIGURE  44.  A  cluster  of  the  famous  No  mi  ts'z — Glutinous  rice — 
lychee,  from  a  layered  plant.  (One-half  natural  size.)  Lo  Kang,  Kwang- 
tung, China,  June,  1920.  Photograph  (No.  1349)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXX,  FIGURE  46.  A  cluster  of  Hsiang  li  or  Fragrant  lychee  from  Sin 
Hing  district,  Kwangtung.  (About  one-third  natural  size.)  The  fruits  are 
deep  red  in  color,  with  a  roughened  surface.  They  are  quite  fragrant.  Can- 
ton, China,  summer,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1136)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXI,  FIGURE  42.  The  most  conspicuous  insect  enemy  of  the  lychee — 
a  highly  decorated  species  of  Pentatomidae,  Tessaratoma  papillosa.  The 
winged  adults,  lychee-colored  nymphs,  and  hatched  and  unhatched  eggs  are 
all  shown  about  natural  size.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton, 
China,  summer,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1139)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXII,  FIGURE  41.  An  ingenious  method  of  killing  the  lychee  tree  borer. 
Cantonese  farmer,  standing  in  the  fork  of  the  tree,  shooting  "hisser"  firecrackers 
into  the  holes  which  the  larvae  have  bored  in  the  branches  of  the  tree.  Near 
Canton,  China,  January,  1914.  Photograph  (No.  1035.306)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXII,  FIGURE  43.  The  trunk  of  a  lychee  tree  showing  the  work  of  the 
lychee  borer  and  lichens  growing  over  the  bark.  The  sight  of  both  is  very  common. 
Near  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1065.701)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXIII,  FIGURE  45.  A  natural  size  and  natural  color  reproduction  of 
the  inarched  type  of  No  mi  ts'z  variety  of  lychee  as  produced  at  Lo  Kang, 
Canton,  China,  summer,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1137)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXIV,  FIGURE  47.  The  original  parent  tree  of  a  famous  variety  of 
lychee,  the  Hsi  chio  tsu — Sai  kok  tsz — or  Rhinoceros  horn.  In  the  Tseng 
ch'ing  district  the  fame  of  this  variety  is  next  to  that  of  the  Kua  lu  or  Hanging- 
green  (see  PLATE  XVI).  Liu  ts'un,  Tseng  ch'ing  district,  Kwangtung, 
China,  June  29,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31330)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXIV,  FIGURE  48.  View  of  the  entire  "Rhinoceros  horn"  tree,  the 
trunk  of  which  is  shown  in  FIGURE  47.  In  the  Tseng  Ch'ing  district  this 
variety  ranks  third  in  earliness.  Some  idea  of  the  size  of  this  tree  may  be 
made  by  comparing  it  with  the  people  standing  along  the  road.  This  tree 
had  a  spread  of  head  of  more  than  sixty  feet.  The  forked  trunk,  breast  high, 
had  a  total  circumference  of  twelve  feet.  Liu  Ts'un,  Tseng  Ch'ing  district, 
Kwangtung,  China,  June  29,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31329)  by  the  author. 


170  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


PLATE  XXXV,  FIGURE  49.  The  Hei  yeh  (Hak  ip)  or  Black-leaf  variety.  (One- 
half  natural  size.)  Fruit  from  Tseng  Ch'ing  district,  Kwangtung,  China, 
June,  1920.  Photograph  (No.  1327)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXV,  FIGURE  50.  The  Fei  tsu  hsiao  (Fi  tsz  siu)  or  Imperial  concu- 
bine's laugh.  (One-half  natural  size.)  Fruit  from  Pei  Shan,  Pan  Yu  district, 
Kwangtung,  China,  June,  1920.  Photograph  (No.  1325)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXVI,  FIGURE  51.  The  Ch'u  ma  tsu  (Chu  ma  tsz)  or  Chinese  grass 
fiber  variety.  (One-half  natural  size.)  Fruit  from  Lo  Kang,  Kwangtung, 
China,  June,  1920.  Photograph  (No.  1339)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXVI,  FIGURE  52.  The  Huai  chih  (Wai  chi)  lychee,  as  it  appears  on 
the  Canton  markets  under  the  name  of  Hei  yeh  or  Black-leaf.  (About  three- 
fourths  natural  size.)  Canton,  China,  June,  1915.  Photograph  (No.  1135) 
for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXVII,  FIGURE  53.  The  San  yueh  hung  (Sam  ut  hung)  or  Third 
month  red  lychee.  (About  two-thirds  natural  size.)  Canton,  China,  May, 
1915.  Photograph  (No.  1130)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXVII,  FIGURE  54.  Fruit  and  leaves  of  the  Shan  chih  (Shan  chi)  or 
Mountain  lychee.  (About  one-third  natural  size.)  This  is  one  of  the  wild 
forms  found  growing  in  Kwangtung.  The  fruit  invariably  contains  large  seeds, 
and  the  flesh,  which  is  thin,  is  very  sour.  The  seed  germinates  readily,  if 
planted  shortly  after  removal  from  the  fruit,  and  the  seedlings  are  vigorous. 
In  Lo  Kang  and  other  regions  this  type  is  often  used  for  stock  on  which  to  graft 
or  inarch  the  No  mi  ts'z  and  other  varieties.  Tseng  Ch'ing  district,  Kwang- 
tung, China.  June  29,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31331)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXVIII,  FIGURE  55.  The  Chuang  yuan  hung  (Chong  un  hung)  lychee, 
not  a  commercial  variety  but  nevertheless  quite  popular.  (Two-thirds  natural 
size.)  Fruit  from  Pei  Shan,  Pan  Yu  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  June,  1920. 
Photograph  (No.  1323)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXIX,  FIGURE  56.  Magnificent  specimen  of  a  lungan  tree  near  a 
temple  along  the  road  extending  from  the  East  Gate  of  Tseng  Ch'ing  city  to 
Liu  Ts'un.  This  tree  was  variety  Yau  yen  (Yau  ngan)  or  Soft  lungan.  It 
was  forty  feet  high  with  a  spread  of  head  of  sixty  feet.  The  trunk,  breast 
high,  had  a  diameter  of  two  feet,  eight  inches  and  a  circumference  of  eight  feet. 
Liu  Ts'un,  Tseng  Ch'ing  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  June  29,  1918.  Photo- 
graph (No.  31319)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XXXIX,  FIGURE  57.  The  fruiting  head  of  a  fine  specimen  of  lungan 
tree.  Tseng  Ch'ing  district,  Kwangtung,  China,  June  29,  1918.  Photograph 
(No.  31320)  by  the  author. 

PLATE  XL,  FIGURE  58.  Mr.  K wok  Wa  Shau,  with  potted  lungan  seedling  four- 
teen months  old.  The  tree  is  a  U  un  (Wu  yuan)  or  Black  ball  variety,  com- 
monly used  for  stock.  Ling  Nan  (Canton  Christian  College),  Canton,  China 
November,  1919.  Photograph  (No.  31547)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XLI,  FIGURE  59.  A  fruiting  cluster  of  the  U  un  (Wu  yuan)  or  Black  ball 
lungan.  (About  two-fifths  natural  size.)  This  is  the  variety  commonly  used  for 
stock.  The  fruit  is  edible  but  inferior  to  other  varieties.  Fruit  from  Pan  Yu  dis- 
trict, Kwangtung,  China,  July,  1918.  Photograph  (No.  31362)  for  the  author. 

PLATE  XLI,  FIGURE  60.  A  cluster  of  She  p'i  or  Snake  skin  lungan.  (About 
two-thirds  natural  size.)  This  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  lungan,  and,  like  all 
other  varieties,  has  large  seeds.  Shih  Wei  T'ang,  near  Canton,  China,  July, 
1918.  Photograph  (No.  31363)  for  the  author. 


APPENDIX  XI 
SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES 

Page  7,  footnote  3.     For  date  and  place  of  publication  see  page  28,  footnote  2. 

Page  12.  In  a  literal  sense  the  words  "Ling  Nan"  mean  "South  of  the  Range," 
a  term  used  for  Kwangtung  and  Kwangsi.  According  to  Giles  Chinese-English 
Dictionary  "Ling"  means  a  mountain  range,  and  "Nan"  means  south.  And 
according  to  the  same  author  the  range  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the  expression 
is  the  "Mei  or  Plum"  range  of  mountains  in  the  northeast  of  Kwangtung. 

Page  13.  It  is  worth  observing  that  Ts'ai  Hsiang  and  Wu  Ying  K'uei  did  not 
agree  in  the  use  of  the  "wood"  radical  in  writing  the  Chinese  word  representing 
the  sound  "chee."  Ts'ai  Hsiang  always  used  the  radical  and  in  the  frequent 
references  to  his  "Li  Chih  P'u"  in  this  work  it  has  been  incorrectly  omitted. 

Page  16,  footnote  i.  Various  rubbings  and  copies  of  the  Li  Chih  P'u  by  Ts'ai 
Hsiang  have  been  in  circulation  but  are  now  difficult  to  obtain.  It  has  not  only 
been  reprinted  in  Ku  Chin  T'u  Shu  Chi  Ch'eng  (see  page  18)  but  also  in  the  Chih  Wu 
Ming  Shih  T'u  K'ao  (see  page  21  and  No.  n,  page  120).  This  monumental  econo- 
mic botany  of  China  contains  no  fewer  than  1714  excellent  plates  about  9^  by  5^ 
inches,  and  each  accompanied  by  a  concise  description  of  the  plant  figure.  The 
historical  part  of  the  work  gives  a  full  account  of  838  plants.  A  third  edition  was 
printed  from  the  original  blocks  in  1919  by  the  Provincial  Printing  Office  of 
Shansi  at  Taiyiianf u.  A  smaller  reprint  of  this  work,  published  in  Western  style 
and  bound  in  two  volumes  with  the  English  catch-title,  "Readings  in  Chinese 
Plants,"  was  issued  in  1919  by  Commercial  Press,  Ltd.,  of  Shanghai.  In  this  edi- 
tion the  plates  are  3^  by  2  inches.  The  Chinese  stroke  index  to  Chinese  names 
of  plants  greatly  facilitates  ready  reference.  Six  treatises  on  the  lychee  are  re- 
printed in  the  Chih  Wu  Ming  Shih  T'u  K'ao,  including  the  original  one  by  Ts'ai 
Hsiang.  These  are  Nos.  3,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  recorded  in  the  bibliography,  pages  119 
and  120,  and  a  monograph,  Chi  Li  Chih  by  Wu  Tsai  Ao,  not  included  in  the 
bibliography  but  cited  on  page  75,  first  paragraph  and  footnote  one. 

Translations  of  these  and  other  treatises  by  Mr.  Hagerty  and  Mr.  Ch'en  may 
be  secured  by  arrangement  with  the  Library  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Page  18,  paragraph  2  and  footnote  2a.  According  to  Giles,  the  author's  name 
is  spelled  "Chi  Han";  but  Bretschneider  spells  it  "Ki  Han." 

Page  20,  line  4.  Insert  the  name  of  Mr.  Ch'en  Tsing-hua  after  that  of  Mr. 
Michael  J.  Hagerty. 

Page  40.  This  synonomy  of  Euphoria  longana,  outlined  by  Karl  Ludwig 
Blume  (see  page  129,  No.  114),  is  subject  to  correction  and  revision.  It  includes 
some  non-botanical  names  and  is  confusing. 

Page  68,  paragraph  2.  It  should  be  noted  that  lychee  grafted  on  the  lungan 
in  Hawaii  has  proved  to  be  short  lived. 

Page  88.  Insert  footnote  3 — Cheshire,  F.  D.,  in  Plant  Immigrants,  Office 
Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  .  .  .  (see  Page  137,  No.  188). 

Page  119,  No.  i .  Ch'en  T'ing's  treatise  will  be  found  in  Chao  Tai  Ts'ung  Shu, 
section  48,  Chia  Chi,  pages  i-io.  Lib.  Cong.  C338.si(83). 

Page  119,  No.  2.  Ch'en  Ting  Kuo's  treatise  will  be  found  in  Chao  Tai  Ts'ung 
Shu,  section  48,  Keng  Chi,  pages  1-8.  Lib.  Cong.  C338.5i(83>. 

Page  119,  No.  4.  Lin  Ssu  Huan's  treatise  will  be  found  in  Tan  Chi  Ts'ung 
Shu,  section  50,  pages  1-5.  Lib.  Cong.  C338.5(8o). 

171 


172  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Page  120.  To  the  nine  standard  works  on  the  lychee  listed  here  should  be 
added  the  following  three  additional  ones: 

Wu  Tsai  Ao,  Chi  Li  Chih.    See  page  75,  footnote  i. 

T'u  Pen  Tsun,  Li  Chih  P'u.    See  Bretschneider  Botanicon  Sinicum, 

i :  168.    Preface  only  in  the  Imperial  Encyclopedia. 
Huang  Li  Keng,  Li  Chih    P'u.     See  Bretschneider  Botanicon  Sinicum, 

i :  168.    Not  found. 

Page  129,  No.  1180.  Bretschneider,  Emil  Vasilievich,  1833-1901,  Botanicon 
Sinicum  I.  Notes  on  Chinese  Botany  from  Native  and  Western  Sources  in  Journal 
of  the  North  China  Branch  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  1881.  New  Series. 
Vol.  XVI,  Part  i,  Shanghai.  Printed  by  Noronha  &  Sons,  No.  12  Canton  Road, 
1882,  pages  167  and  168. 

Page  130,  1220.     Cheshire,  F.  D.,  in  Plant  Immigrants  (see  137,  No.  188). 
Page  143.    Note  that  the  Cantonese  names  appear  in  the  first  column  and 
the  Mandarin  in  the  second. 


POSTFACE 

This  compilation  of  knowledge  concerning  the  lychee  and 
lungan  is  western  in  form  but  Chinese  in  spirit.  Therefore  it 
does  not  seem  out  of  place  to  follow  Chinese  usage  and  to  attach 
a  postface.  This  gives  the  wrker  an  opportunity  to  explain  some 
things  that  would  otherwise  remain  a  mystery. 

The  original  body  of  the  work  and  five  appendices,  pages 
i  to  149,  were  printed  on  the  College  Press,  Canton  Christian 
College,  Canton,  China,  where  it  was  possible  to  insert  Chinese 
characters.  The  work  went  to  press  about  the  time  the  writer 
was  leaving  for  an  extended  trip  to  Siam,  and  consequently  he 
had  no  opportunity  to  read  the  proof  or  to  revise  the  work  as  it 
went  through  the  press.  Early  in  1921  the  unbound  sheets  were 
sent  to  the  United  States. 

There  has  been  considerable  advance  in  the  scientific  study 
of  the  lychee  during  recent  months.  Credit  is  due  Dr.  Frederick  V. 
Coville  for  the  discovery  of  mycorhizal  fungi  growing  on  the 
roots  of  lychee.  Dr.  Coville's  article,  well  illustrated  with  draw- 
ings and  microphotographs  by  Dr.  Emil  G.  Arzberger,  suggests 
the  probability  that  an  acid  soil  is  essential  for  successful  culture 
of  the  lychee.  Chinese  methods  of  propagating  the  lychee  have 
never  been  highly  satisfactory.  Mr.  Edward  Goucher  has  finally 
worked  out  a  most  unusual  process  for  rooting  lychee  cuttings 
that  may  not  only  revolutionize  lychee  propagation,  but  also 
that  of  other  sub-tropical  and  tropical  plants.  Acknowledgment 
is  due  Mr.  Goucher  for  his  experiments  and  his  explanation  of 
the  process  as  worked  out  with  the  lychee.  Mr.  Walter  T. 
Swingle's  statement  of  his  observations  on  the  Lack  of  Winter 
Dormancy  and  Low  Zero  Point  of  Growth  of  the  Lychee 
should  prove  helpful  in  the  culture  of  the  lychee  in  Florida. 
Mr.  Swingle  also  suggests  the  possibilities  of  the  lychee  as 
an  attractive  greenhouse  plant.  This  is  also  the  conviction 
of  a  number  of  observers  who  have  seen  the  lychee  in  its 
native  home. 

Mr.  Michael  J.  Hagerty's  clear  translation,  recording  the 

173 


174  THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 

organization  of  a  Lychee  Club  as  early  as  the  Ming  dynasty,  will 
prove  of  unusual  interest. 

The  additional  material,  pages  151  to  188,  and  all  the  illus- 
trations were  printed  at  the  Mount  Pleasant  Press,  J.  Horace 
McFarland  Company,  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  in  June,  1921.  A 
portion  of  the  edition  will  be  bound  in  the  United  States,  but 
copies  for  distribution  in  the  Orient  will  be  assembled  and  bound 
in  China. 

We  are  only  on  the  threshold  of  an  understanding  of  this 
interesting  and  valuable  fruit.  A  scientific  lychee  culture  is  essen- 
tial to  China  and  is  of  interest  to  the  West.  The  industry  should 
be  systematically  developed  in  China  and  foreign  markets 
created  for  the  canned  and  dried  products.  It  is  the  writer's  hope 
that  in  the  near  future  the  Chinese  will  work  out  the  scientific 
phases  of  lychee  culture  as  well  as  they  have  the  historical  and 
literary  lore  of  this  most  highly  prized  fruit. 

G.  WEIDMAN  GROFF. 
Washington,  D.  C.,  U.  S.  A. 
June  22, 


ERRATA 

Page  io.  paragraph  3.    For  No  Mi  Chih  read  No  mi  ts't. 

Page  1 6,  footnote  i.    For  future  time  read  past  time. 

Page  17,  footnote  i.     Cancel  Emil  Vasilievich. 

Page  1 8,  paragraph  2,  line  3.     Cancel  the. 

Page  18,  footnote  20,  line  i.     For  bear  read  bearing. 

Page  1 8,  footnote  26,  last  line.    For  47  read  54. 

Page  37,  line  3.  Cancel  Laetji  chinensis  Osb.  Itin.  (1765)  from  the  synonomy.  Osbeck 
in  his  Dagbok  ofwer  en  Ostindisk  Resa  .  .  .  (1757),  translated  into  the  German  in  1765  and 
from  the  German  into  English  in  1771,  refers  to  the  lychee  as  from  China  but  does  not  give 
a  Latin  name  as  he  does  in  the  case  of  other  plants  he  recorded.  This  name  is  therefore 
not  a  valid  synonym. 

Page  45,  paragraph  2.     For  sagitaria  read  sagittaria. 

Page  50,  paragraph  2.     For  No  mi  chih  read  No  mi  ts'z. 

Page  52,  paragraph  2.     For  Sin  T'ang  read  Hsin  Tang. 

Page  53,  paragraph  i.     Same  correction  as  page  50,  paragraph  2. 

Page  58,  paragraph  2,  line  3.     For  trees  therefore  read  trees  are  therefore. 

Page  59,  paragraph  i,  line  8.    For  fifteen  wide  read  fifteen  feet  wide. 

Page  59,  paragraph  2,  line  2.    For  is  read  in. 

Page  61,  paragraph  i,  line  i.     For  maintain  the  read  maintain  that  the. 

Page  61,  paragraph  2,  last  line.     Cancel  (fig.  40). 

Page  64,  paragraph  2,  line  3.     Cancel  92. 

Page  66,  paragraph  i,  line  5.    For  No  mi  chih  read  No  mi  ts'z. 

Page  66,  paragraph  i,  last  line.     For  (fig.  18)  read  (fig.  38). 

Page  67,  paragraph  i,  line  7.    Cancel  92. 

Page  67,  paragraph  2,  line  3.    For  No  mi  chih  read  No  mi  ts'z. 

Page  85,  paragraph  2,  line  9.    For  (fig.  47)  read  (fig.  41). 

Page  88,  paragraph  2,  line  i.    For  Sung  Yu  read  Sung  Chio. 

Page  93,  paragraph  2,  line  12.    For  these  read  there. 

Page  95,  paragraph  i,  line  4.     For  rhinocerous  read  rhinoceros. 

Page  96,  line  21.    For  Shang  hou  huai  read  Shang  shou  huai. 

Page  98,  paragraph  2,  line  4.    For  (/»'#.  33)  read  (fig.  53). 

Page  100.    Brackets  should  not  extend  below  "Weight  of  rag  (oz)." 

To  secure  the  total  of  16  ounces  to  the  pound  of  fruit  add  only  weight  of  seeds,  flesh, 
skin,  leaves  and  stem.  The  weight  of  rag  is  included  in  the  weight  of  flesh. 

In  the  "No  mi  ts'z"  column  across  from  "Weight  of  rag"  some  error  occurs  in  the  state- 
ment "6  >£."  It  should  probably  be  "i  K"  but  could  not  be  verified  at  time  of  correction. 

Page  107.    Title  at  the  top  of  page.    For  The  Lychee  read  The  Lungan. 

Pages  108  and  109.  Subject  to  the  same  explanation  and  correction  as  recorded  under 
pages  ico  and  101. 

Some  error  exists  in  the  case  of  the  weights  recorded  under  "Hei  ho  shih  hsia"  lungan 
as  the  total  of  seeds,  flesh,  skin,  leaves  and  stem  is  15  instead  of  16  ounces.  No  change 
can  be  made  as  original  records  were  not  available  at  time  of  correction. 

Page  1 1 6,  paragraph  i,  line  i.    Cancel  and. 

Page  119,  No.  4.    For  Li  Chih  P'u  read  Li  Chih  Hua. 


175 


INDEX 


Acid-soil,  151,  152,  167,  PI.  XX. 
Adoretm  convexus  Burnt.,  insect  enemy, 

83- 
Adoretus  tenuimacuiatus ,  insect  enemy, 

85. 

Africa,  34. 

At  chihy  Chinese  term  for  inarching,  67. 
Air-layering,  9,  10,  49,  53,  64-67,  91, 

117,  168,  PL  XXVII. 
Alapag,  Philippine  lychee  relative,  26, 

41. 

Algze,  86. 

American  literature,  23-31. 
Amory,  Charles,  Florida  grower,  112. 
Analytical  table,  lychee  varieties,  100, 

101;  lungan  varieties,  108,  109. 
A  neung  hai,  variety  of  lychee,  50,  99, 

143- 
Annals, 

Fukien,  121,  122;  cited,  88, 

Kwangsi,  122. 

Kwangtung,  122-126;  cited,  88. 

Kweichow,  122 

Szechwan,  122. 
Anomala  varicolor  Gyll.,  insect  enemy, 

S3- 

Archips  postvittanus,  insect  enemy,  85, 
86. 

Arzberger,  Dr.  Emil  G.,  acknowledg- 
ment drawings  and  microphotographs 
by,  152,  167,  PI.  XXII,  168,  PI. 
XXXIII,  173. 

Ashon,  John,  importer  of  lychee,  113. 

Autoserica  nigrorubra  Busk.,  insect 
enemy,  83. 

Baillon,  Henry  Ernest,  cited,  33 

Bamboo,  52. 

Banana,  58. 

Baskets,  marketing,  166.  PI.  XII.  168, 

PL  XXVII. 

Bats,  63,  82,  86,  166,  PL  XV,  PL  XVI. 
Bedana,  Indian  variety  of  lychee,  102. 
Bengal,  in. 
Bibliography — 

Chinese  references,  119-126, 171, 172. 

Western  references,  127-141. 
Big  bull,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Black  ball,  variety  of  lungan.  no,  145, 

170,  Pis.  XL,  XLI. 


Black  leaf,  variety  of  lychee,  95,  143 
170,  PL  XXXV. 

Black  seed  stone  gorge,  variety  of  lun- 
gan, 145. 

Blasdale,  Walter  C.,  quoted,  149. 

Blume,  Karl  Ludwig,  cited,  40, 171. 

Bonavia,  Dr.,  quoted,  118. 

Borer,  tree,  85,  169,  PL  XXXII. 

Borneo,  69. 

Botany,  32-43. 
lychee,  37-39 
lungan,  40-42 

Boym,  Michel,  cited,  25. 

Bretschneider,  E.  V.,  cited,  17,  19,  171, 
172;   quoted,  18. 

Brewster,   Rev.    W.    N.,    importer    of 
lychee,  112. 

Buddhism,  93,  94. 

Budding,  10,  68. 

Burma,  39. 

Bursts  the  throat,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

By-Laws,  Lychee  Club,  162,  163. 

Calcutta,    in. 

California,  6,  8,  57,  72,  112,  114,  118. 
Cambell,  George,  quoted,  57. 
Cambell,  George  Joseph,  cited,  26. 
Campbell,  Rev.  Wm.,  quoted,  77. 
Canal  mud,  use  of,  105. 
Canals,  48,  52. 
Canarium,  50,  52. 

album  (Lour.)  Raench,  50. 

pimela,  Koen,  50. 
Candolle,  Alphonse,  cited,  29,  30. 
Canned  lychee  and  lungan,  5,  75,  80, 

no. 
Canton — 

city,  46,  47,  48,  89. 

climate,  54,  55,  142,  153-155. 

climate  compared  with  Florida,  153, 

J55- 
delta,  45,  46,  54,  56,  59,  60,  165,  PL 

Kowloon  Railway,  49,  51,  52. 

latitude,  153. 

location,  48,  153. 

markets,  71,  89,  92,  99. 

public  fruit  park,  47,  48. 

restaurants,  75. 

weather,  54,  55,  142,  153-155-. 


176 


INDEX 


177 


Canton  Christian  College,  I,  12,  21,  46, 
82,  83,  85, 1 13, 1 53, 165,  Pis.  VIII,  IX, 
XI,  166,  Pis.  XII,  XIII,  XIV,  169, 
Pis.  XXXI,  1 70,  PI.  XL. 

Cantonese,  89. 

Capnodium,  fungus,  86. 

Carambola,  48. 

Carter,  Humphrey  G.,  cited,  60. 

Castanopsis  mollisitna,  Bl.,  50. 

Chafers,  leaf,  83. 

Ch'ang  An,  transportation  of  lychee  to, 
87. 

Changchow,  prefecture  in  Fukien,  88. 

Ch'ang  pau  hauy  variety  of  lychee,  99, 

H3- 

Ch'an  Ts'un,  village,  95. 

Ch'an  tsz,  variety  of  lychee,  102,  164, 
PI.  I. 

Ch'au  p'i  tan,  insect  enemy,  82. 

Chau  shiu  yuky  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Check,  Ching,  first  introduction  into 
Hawaii,  112. 

Chemical  analysis,  lychee,  80,  81,  149. 

Chen  family  purple,  class  of  lychee,  88, 
164,  PI.  I. 

Cheng  Hsiung,  cited,  88. 

Cheng pao  hou,  variety  of  lychee,  99, 143. 

Ch'eng  T'ang,  Emperor,  B.  C.  1766,  17. 

Ch'en  T'ing,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119,  171. 

Ch'en  Ting  Kwo,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119,  171. 

Ch'en  Ts'ing-hua,  assistance  acknowl- 
edged, 1 60,  171. 

Ch'en  Ts'un,  village,  95. 

Ch'en  tzu,  variety  of  lychee,  102,  164, 

Cheshire,  F.  D.,  cited,  88,  171,  172. 
Cheung  Lok,  56. 

Chia  huaiy  variety  of  lychee,  99,  143. 
Chiang  chun  li,  variety  of  lychee,  50, 144. 
Chiao  T'ang  Sz,  lychee  region,  49,  65, 

104. 

Chia  Ssu  Hsieh,  cited,  19. 
Chi  Han,  cited,  62,  171. 
Chih  Kang,  lungan  region,  104. 
Ch'ik  Kong,  lungan  region,  104. 
Child's  fist,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Chih  Wu  Ming  Shih  T'u  K'ao,  cited,  21, 

171. 
Chi  Li  Chih  by  Wu  Tsao  Ao,  cited,  75, 

172. 

China,  Indian  variety  of  lychee,  102. 
China  grass  fiber,  variety  of  lychee,  97, 

143,  170,  PI.  XXXVI. 


Chinese  — 


bibliography,  119-126. 

Collection  in  Library  of  Congress,  23, 

22,  164. 

descriptive  terms,  90,  91. 
gardeners,  65,  66. 
Imperial  Encyclopedia,  160,  164,  PI. 

literature,  16-22,  104. 

nurserymen,  2,  65,  167,  Pis.  XVIII, 

XIX. 
nut,  5  32. 
officials,  7. 
poets,  7,  1  6,  19,  1  1  6. 
treatises  on  the  lychee  by  — 
Ch'en    T'ing,  Li   Chih    P'u,    119, 

171. 
Ch'en  Ting  Kwo,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119, 

171. 
Cheng    Hsiung,    title    not    known 

cited,  88. 
Hsu  P'o,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119;  quoted, 

56,68,75,114. 

Huang  Li  Keng,  Li  Chih  P'u,  172. 
Lin  Ssu  Huan,  Li  Chih  Hua,  119, 

171, 

Sung  Chio,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119;  cited, 
20,  56,  66,  88;  translated  in  part, 
160-163. 
Tang  Tao  Hsieh,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119; 

cited,  60,  61,  67. 

Ts'ai  Hsiang,  Li  Chih  P'u,  a,  n, 
120,  164,  PI.  Ill,  PI.  IV,  171; 
cited,    1  6,    17,    20,   62,   63,   66; 
quoted,  56,  72,  88,  115. 
Ts'ao  Fan,  Li  Chih  P'u,  120. 
T'u  Pen  Tsun,  Li  Chih  P'u,  172. 
Wu  Tsao  Ao,  Chi   Li   Chih,  75; 

cited,  75,  172. 

Wu  Ying  K'uei,  Ling  Nan  Li  Chih 
P'u,  120;  quoted,  2,  ii;  cited,  13, 
!?>  31*  87,  88,  106,  107,  171;  list 
of  Kwangtung  varieties,  146-148. 
writers,  7,  22,  82,  87,  116,  117. 
Chinfeng  li,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Ch'ing  p'i,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Ch'i  Nu,  pseudonym  for  Shih  Ch'ung, 

161. 

Ch'i  yueh  shou,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Chong  un  hung,  variety  of  lychee,  99, 
143,  170,  PI.  XXXVIII. 


178 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Ch'  ou  p't  tan,  insect  enemy,  82. 
Chou  Shao  Yu,  variety  of lychee,  143. 
Chuanchow,  prefecture  of  Fukien,  88. 
Chuangyuan  hung,  variety  of  lychee,  99, 

143, 170,  PL  XXXVIII. 
Ch'u  ma  tsu,  variety  of  lychee,  97,  143, 

170,  PI.  XXXVI. 
Chu  ma  tsz,  variety  of  lychee,  97,  143, 

170,  PI.  XXXVI. 
Chung-hsiang    Kung,    Ts'ai    Hsiang's 

canonization  title,  164. 
Chun-mo,  Ts'ai  Hsiang's  literary  name, 

164. 
Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  latitude  compared, 

154. 
Cinnamon  flavor,  variety  of  lychee,  93, 

143- 

Citrus,  48,  65. 
Citrus  aurantifolia,  (Christm.)  Swing., 

156. 
Climate — 

adapted  to  lychee  and  lungan,  54-57. 

Canton  compared  with  Florida,  1.53, 

I55- 
Seharanpur,  56. 

Cloth  bag,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Club,  Lychee,  160-163. 

Cochin  China,  44,  87. 

Cockroach,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Cocoanut  palms,  153,  154. 

Cold,  ill  effects,  55,  56,  1 14, 1 15;  protec- 
tion, 60,  61;  resistance,  lungan,  58, 
103. 

Cole,  W.  B.,  quoted,  105,  106,  107. 

Collins,  G.  N.,  quoted,  in. 

Color,  lychee,  100, 101;  lungan,  108, 109. 

Commerce,  7,  12,  71. 

Cook,  O.  F.,  quoted,  in. 

Corsa,  W.  P.,  cited,  30. 

Coville,  Frederick  V.,  acknowledg- 
ment, 173;  contribution  by,  151; 
reference  to  work  of,  156. 

Crisp  meat  lungan,  variety  name,  145. 

Crop  watchers,  46,  165,  PI.  XI. 

Cryptophlebia  illepida,  insect  enemy,  85. 

Crystal  quartz  ball,  variety  of  lychee, 
144. 

Cuba,  72,  113. 

Culture,  58-63. 
dyke,  58,  117. 
greenhouse,  1 56. 
hill  type  of  lychee,  49,  50. 
in  Florida,  153. 


Culture— 

lychee,  48-50,  114,  116,  117. 

methods,  lungan,  104-106. 

raised-bed,  59,  117. 

upland,  59,  117,  167,  PI.  XVII.       •    . 

water  type  of  lychee,  48,  49. 
Cuttings,  10,  157-159. 

Dapper,  Olfert,  cited,  25,  26. 

Dehiscent  fruits,  35. 

Dehra  Dun,  India,  56. 

Delta,  Canton,  45,  46,  54,  56,  59,  60, 

165,  PI.  VIII;  Pearl  river,  58. 
Description — 

lychee,  37,  38,  39. 

lungan,  41,42,  103. 

terms,  90,  91. 
Dews,  value  of,  60. 
Dimocarpus,  8,  28,  29. 
Diospyros  kaki  L.,  50. 
Diseases,  82,  114,  117. 
Dishes,  lychee,  75. 
Distance  for  planting,  58,  59. 
Ditches,  48. 

Door-yard  tree,  lungan,  104. 
Don,  George  A.,  cited,  33. 
Dragon  eye,  5,  15,  103. 
Dried,  5,  50. 

lychee,  75,  76,  78,  79. 

lungan,  77. 

Drought  resistance,  1 1,  69. 
Dudhia,  Indian  variety  of  lychee,  102. 
DuHalde,  J.  B.,  cited,  26. 
Duncan,  K.,  acknowledgment,  3. 
Dykes,  45,  4«,  58,  165,  Pis.  VI,  VII, 

VIII,  IX,  X,  XI. 

Early  lychee,  variety  name,  144. 

Early  rice,  variety  of  lungan,  145. 

East  Indies,  6,  29,  32. 

East  river,  45,  52. 

Edwards'  Botanical  Register,  cited,  29. 

Enemies,  9,  82-86. 

England,  29,  in. 

EriophyeSy  lychee  leaf  galls,  84,  85,  164, 

Pl.V. 
Euphoria,  6,  32,  69,  70. 

cinerea,  Radlk.,  1 1,  26, 34, 41, 70, 164, 
Pl.V. 

longana,  Lam.,  5,  34,  41,  70,  171. 
Europe,  in,  116,  117. 
European  literature,  23-31. 
Exchange,  influence  of,  74. 


INDEX 


179 


Experiments,  lychee,  69;  needed,  n, 
1 1 6;  rooting  lychee  cuttings,  157, 
158;  soil,  1 51. 

Exports,  50,  52. 

Fa  hok,  variety  of  lungan,  73,  106,  108, 

no,  145. 

Fairchild,  David,  acknowledgment,  2. 
False  wai,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
Fang  huang  cKiu,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
Fang  Kang,  place  in  Fukien,  61. 
Fang  Tsu-tao,  friend  of  Sung  Chio,  160. 
Fang  Yung,  lychee  nursery  village,  52, 

53,  65,  167,  PI.  XVIII,  PI.  XIX,  168, 

PL  XXVII,  169,  PI.  XXVIII. 
Fat  meat  ball,  variety  of  lungan,  145. 
Fei  tsu  hsiao,  variety  of  lychee,  95,  96, 

143,  170,  PI.  XXXV. 
Feng  /;',  chestnut,  50. 
Feng  wan,  Chinese  synonym  for  lychee, 

*7; 

Fertilizing,  61,  105,  106,  117,  168,  PI. 

XXV,  PI.  XXVI. 

Firecrackers,  use  of,  85, 169,  PI.  XXXII. 
Fish,  45,  165,  PI.  VIII. 
fri  tsz  siu,  variety  of  lychee,  95,  96,  143, 

170,  PI.  XXXV. 
Flavor,  lychee,  91,  100,  101,  in,  156; 

lungan,  108,  109. 
Flesh,  lychee,  90. 

Fletcher,  S.  W.,  acknowledgment,  2. 
Florida,  6,  8,  30,  57,  60,  72,  113,  114, 

1 J  8,  1 53;  weather  compared,  155,1 56. 
Flower  skin,  variety  of  lungan,  1 10,  145. 
Flush  of lychee,  54,  153. 
Flying  riders,  tribute  bearers,  87. 
Foochow,  prefecture  of  Fukien,  72,  88, 

107. 

Food  value,  80. 
Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction, 

Office  of,  2,  8. 
Foreign  trade,  79. 
Form,  lychee,  90,  100,  101;  lungan,  108, 

109. 

Formosa,  39,  44,  77. 
Fortune,  Robert,  quoted,  29. 
Foster,  I.  L.,  acknowledgment,  2. 
Fragrance,  lychee,  91 . 
Fragrant  variety  of  lychee,  93,  143,  169, 

PI.  XXX. 
France,  in. 
preeman  Meteorological  Observatory, 

153- 


Freeze,  54,  56,  57. 

Frost  resistance,  lychee,  u,  30,  54,  56, 

57,  69,  82;  lungan,  54,  56,  57. 
Frost  protection,  1 14. 
Fruft  park,  Canton,  47,  116. 
Fruit  worm,  85. 
Fuchow,  56. 
Fukien,  province,  11,  32,  44,  68,  87,  88, 

96,  104,  1 1 6. 
Fung  Chung,  lychee  nursery  village,  52, 

53,  65,  167,  Pis.  XVIII,  XIX,  168, 

PI.  XXVII,  169,  PI.  XXVIII. 
Fungicides,  82. 
Fungi,  86.  . 
Fungi,  mycorhizal,  152,  167,  Pis.  XXI, 

XXII,  168,  PI.  XXIII. 
Fung  Kong,  in  Fukien,  61. 
Fung  /«/,  chestnut,  50. 
Fung  wong  k'au,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Galls,  leaf,  84,  85. 

Gardeners,  Chinese,  65,  66. 

Gazetteers,  see  Annals. 

General's  lychee,  variety  name,  144. 

Georgeson,  C.  C.,  cited,  30. 

Glutinous  rice,  variety  of  lychee,  91,99, 

100,  143,  169,  Pis.  XXX,  XXXIII. 
Glutinous  rice  ball,  variety  of  lychee, 

143- 

Gonzalez  de  Mendoza,  Juan,  quoted,  23. 
"Gootee"  layering,  10,  64. 
Goucher,     Edward,     acknowledgment, 

173;  contribution  by,  157-159. 
Gracey,  Samuel  L.,  shipment  received 

from,  113. 

Grafting,  10,  49,  50,  68,  106,  157,  171. 
Grave  land,  use  of,  83. 
Greenhouse  culture,  lychee,  156,  173. 
Green  skin,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Grosier,  J.  B.  G.  A.,  quoted,  27,  28. 
Group,  lychee,  34-36,  69. 
Guam,  113. 
Guava,  48,  58,59,  IS6- 

Habitat,  lychee,  1 1,39, 54;  lungan,  42,54. 

Ha  chiy  Chinese  season,  95. 

Hadley,  E.  D.,  California  grower,  112. 

Hagerty,  Michael  J.,  translations  ac- 
knowledged, 2,  17,  20,  171,  173; 
translation  by,  160-163. 

Hainan,  19,  39,  44. 

Hak  hat  shek  hap,  variety  of  lungan,  108, 
145. 


\ 


180 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Hak  tp,  variety  of  lychee,  64,  73,  89,  95, 
97,  100,  101,  143,  170,  PI.  XXXV. 

Hanging  green,  variety  of  lychee,  50, 
92, 143,166,  PI.  XVI. 

Han  Wu  Ti,  Emperor,  reference  to,  87. 

Han  Yen  Chih,  monograph  on  orange, 
1 6. 

Harvesting,  63. 

Havana,  Cuba,  compared  with  Canton, 

J53- 
Hawaii,  6,  31,  67,  68,  70,  72,  85,  112, 

117,  "8. 
Hei  ho  shih  hsia,  variety  of  lungan,  108, 

145. 
Hei y eh,  variety  of  lychee,  64,  73,  89,  95, 

97,  101,143,  i?o,  PI.  XXXV. 
Henry,  Alfred  J.,  cited,  155. 
Henry,  Augustine,  quoted,  7. 
Henry,  B.  C.,  cited,  94. 
Heung  lai,  variety  of  lychee,  93,  143, 

1 69,  PI.  XXX. 

Heungshan,  district  in  Kwangtung,  98. 
Hiern,  W.  P.,  cited,  43. 
Higgins,  J.  E.,  10,  ii;  cited,  15,  31,  64, 

67,  75,  85,  86,  102;  quoted,  68,  72,  84, 

85,  U2;  shipment  received  from,  113. 
Hill  lychee,  52. 

Hill  type  of  lychee  culture,  49,  50. 
Hinghwa,  prefecture  of  Fukien,  88,  105. 
Hit  and  kill  the  cow,  variety  of  lychee, 

144. 

Ho  Hung,  P'ing,  acknowledgment,  2,  21. 
Holotrichia  plumbea  planicollis  Burm., 

83- 
Honam,  island  opposite  Canton,  48, 164, 

Pis.  II,  X,  i68,Pl.XXVI. 
Honan.    See  Honam. 
Hongkong,  39;  climate,  154. 
Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton,  cited,  33. 
Hoplostermus    chinensis    Guer.,    insect 

enemy,  83. 

Ho  Ti,  proclamation  of,  18. 
Howard,  C.  W.,  85;  quoted,  82,  83. 
Howard,  L.  O.,  cited,  84. 
Hsia  chih,  Chinese  season,  95. 
Hsiang  //',  variety  of  lychee,  93,  94,  143, 

1 69,  PI.  XXX. 

Hsiao  erh  ch'uan,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Hsi  chio  tsu,  variety  of  lychee,  53 
143,  167,  PI.  XIX,  169,  PL 


Hsu  P'o,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119;  quoted,  56, 

68,75,  H4-  . 
Huai  chih,  variety  of  lychee,  46,  51,  64, 

66,  73,  79,  89,  92,  96,  97,  98,  101,  144, 

165,  PL  XI,  1 66,  PL  XII,  167,  PL 

XVII,  170,  PL  XXXVI. 
Hua  kiohy  variety  of  lungan,  73,  106, 

108,  no,  145. 

Huang  ch'ung,  insect  enemy,  83. 
Huang  Li  Keng,  Li  Chih  P'u,  172. 
Huang  Tsun    Keng,    acknowledgment, 

Hua  Ti  Gardens,  169,  PL  XXIX. 
Hui  Tsung,  Sung  Emperor,  164. 


Humidity,  55,  66,  64. 
Humidity,  high  fc 


158. 


or  rooting  lychee,  157, 


Hsinghwa,  Fukien,  latitude,  153;  lychee 
region,  11. 


Huo  shan,  variety  of  lychee,  162. 
Hu  pi  (tiger  skin),  class  of  lychee,  88. 
Hybridization,  6,  n,  41,  42. 

I  chih,  Chinese  synonym  of  lungan,  104. 
Imperial  cuncubine's  laugh,  variety  of 

lychee,  95,  H3,  170,  PL  XXXV. 
Inarching,  10,  67,  106,  157. 
Indehiscent  fruits,  34,  35. 
India,  6,  31, 32,  54,  56,81, 1 1 1. 
Indian  varieties,  102. 
Irrigation,  59. 

Insect  enemies,  82-86,  114,  117. 
Insecticides,  Chinese  use  of,  82. 
Insect  protection,  62,  63. 
Insects,  chicken  food,  83. 
Intercropping,  58,  59. 
Introductions  to — 

Bengal,  in. 

Burma,  39. 

California,  6,  112,  118. 

Cuba,  113. 

East  Indies,  in. 

England,  29,  in. 

Europe,  in,  116,  117. 

Florida,  6,  30,  113,  118. 

France,  in. 

Guam,  113. 

Hawaii,  6,  31,  112,  117,  118. 

India,  6,  31,  in. 

Isle  of  Pines,  113. 

Other  lands,i,  7,  8,  11. 

Panama,  6,  113. 

Porto  Rico,  in,  113. 

Trinidad,  113. 

United  States,  112,  113,  117,  118. 


INDEX 


181 


Introductions  to — 

Western  Hemisphere,  32. 

West  Indies,  6,  1 1 1,  1 17,  1 1 8. 
Isle  of  Pines,  113. 
I  Yin,  cited,  17. 

ade  ice,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
ade  purse,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
ava,  6. 

ones,  J.,  interest  in  Dominico,  112. 
onstonus,  Johannes,  cited,  25. 
osselyn,  Vice  Consul,  quoted,  81. 
uice,  lychee,    100,    101;  lungan,    108, 
109. 

Kao  yuan,  variety  of  Iungan3  73,  109, 
no,  145. 

Kat  tsat  chi,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Kau  T'ong  Sz,  lychee  region,  49, 65, 104. 

Ka  waiy  variety  of  lychee,  99,  143. 

Ka  Ying,  in  Kwangtung,  57. 

Kenny,  Consul,  quoted,  77. 

Kew  Royal  Gardens  Bulletin,  quota- 
tion, 77. 

Ko  uriy  variety  of  lungan,  73,  109,  no, 
145. 

Kua  luy  variety  of  lychee,  50,  51,  92,  94, 
143,  166,  PL  XVI. 

Kuang  Yu,  cited,  17. 

Ku  Chin  T'u  Shu  Chi  Ch'eng,  cited,  18, 
19,20,171. 

Kuei  wei,  variety  of  lychee,  50,  73,  89, 

92,  93,  94,  97,  loo,  H3- 
Kuo  Hua  Ssin,  acknowledgment,  2. 
Kuo  Sheng-tai,  friend  of  Sung  Chio,  160. 
Kwai  miy  variety  of  lychee,  50,  73,  89, 

92,93,97,100,143. 
Kwa  luky  variety  or  lychee,  50,  51,  92, 

143,  166,  PL  XVI. 
Kwangsi,  province,  44. 
Kwangtung,  province,  n,  32,  44,  52, 

58,  59,  63,  87,  88,  89,  94,  95,  96,  98, 

104,  106,  1 1 6. 
Kwangtung,  varieties  of  lychee,   143- 

144;  varieties  of  lungan,  145. 
Kwangtung    Agricultural    Experiment 

Station,  cited,  54,  55. 
Kwok  Wa  Sau,  acknowledgment,  2. 

Labor,  in  China,  63,  77,  82. 

Lai  Chi  Wan,  public  fruit  park,  47,  48, 

165,  PL  VII,  1 66,  PL  XV. 
Lake  Worth,  Florida,  compared,  153. 


Lamarack,  Jean  Baptiste,  cited,  41. 

Lap  Ts'aity  Chinese  8th  month,  106. 

Large  crop,  variety  of  lychee,  97, 144. 

Large  purse,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 

Larva,  of  moth  in  stem  and  fruit,  85. 

Layering,  10,  53,  64. 

Layered  stock,  60. 

Leaf  chafers,  83. 

Leaf  galls,  84,  85,  164,  PI.  V. 

Legends,  22. 

Lemon,  57. 

Library    of    Congress,    collection    of 

Chinese  works,  2,  3,  22,  164. 
Library  of  United  States  Department 

of  Agriculture,  164;  arrangement  for 

translations  and  references,  160. 
Li  Ch'eng  Lan,  acknowledgment,  2. 
Lichens,   86,^167,  PI   XIX,    169,   PI 

XXXIII. 

Li  Chiao,  lychee  region,  49,  96. 
Li  Chih  Hua  by  Lin  Ssu  Huan,  119, 171. 
Li  Chih  P'u.    See  Chinese  treatises. 
Li  Chih  Wan,  public  fruit  park,  47,  48, 

165,  PI.  VII,  166,  PL  XV. 
Lien  She,  lotus  club,  161. 
Lik  Kau,  lychee  region,  49,  86 
Ling  Nan,  1 1, 12, 46, 47, 64, 87, 104, 162, 

171;  lychee,  46;  lychee  centers,  47-53 
Ling  Nan  Li  Chih  P'u  by  Wu  Ying 

K'uei,  120;  cited,  13,  17,  31,  87,  88, 

107, 171 ;  list  of  Kwangtung  varieties, 

146-148;  quoted,  2ii. 
Lin  Ssu  Huan,  Li  Chih  Hua,  119, 171. 
Liquid   manure,   61,    168    Pis.   XXV, 

XXVI. 

Li  Shih  Cheng,  cited,  104. 
Litchty  6, 32. 

chinensis  Sonn.    See  Lychee.    5,  27, 

34- 

philippincmis,  Radlk.,  1 1, 34, 69, 164, 

PI.  V. 
Literature,   16;    Chinese,   16-22,   104; 

European  and  American,  23-31. 
Li  Tsiity  Chinese  8th  month,  106. 
Liu    tsu,   last    patriarch    of  Buddhist 

Church  in  China,  93. 
Liu  tsu  fa  t'ongy  temple,  93. 
Liu  yueh  paoy  variety  of  lungan,  145. 
Location  of  Canton,  48,  153. 
Lo   Fau,   famous   mountain   in   South 

China,  19,  51. 
Lo  F'eng  Ssu,  temple,  50. 
Lo  Fou.    See  Lo  Fau. 


182 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Lo  Fung  Tsz,  temple,  50. 

Lo  Kang  Hsu,  market  town,  50. 


Lo  Kong  Hu,  see  Lo  Kang  Hsu. 

Lo  Kong  Tung,  see  Lo  Kang  Tung. 

Lokt'ongp'o,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Longan.    See  lungan. 

Lo  t'ang  p'uy  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Lo-ts'uen,  native  village  of  Liu  tsu,  94. 

Lotus,  45. 

Lotus  club,  reference  to,  161. 

Low  land  regions  for  lychee  and  lungan, 

104,  105. 
Low  zero  point  of  growth,  lychee,  153, 

155,  156. 

Lu  Hwei-neng,  Liu  tsu's  real  name,  94. 
Luk  Po  Sz,  lychee  region,  49. 
Luk    tso,  last  patriarcji   of  Buddhist 

Church  in  China,  93. 
Luk  tso  fat  t'ongy  temple,  93. 
Luk  ut  paUy  variety  of  lungan,  145. 
Lungan,  5,  33,  50,   103-110,   170,  PI. 

analysis,  149. 
avenue  tree,  104. 
botany,  40,  41. 
cold  resistance,  58. 
color,  108,  109. 
cultural  methods,  104-106. 
description,  41-43,  103. 
door-yard  tree,  104. 
•    dragon  eye,  15. 
dried,  77. 
flavor,  1 08,  109. 
form,  1 08,  109. 
frost  resistance,  54,  56,  57. 
habitat,  42,  54. 
juice,  108,  109. 
market  prices,  73. 
orchards,  58. 
origin  of  name,  15. 
other  names,  15. 
pronunciation,  15. 
pulp,  78. 
seeds,  108,  109. 
spelling,  15. 
stock,  for  lychee,  67. 
surface  texture,  108,  109. 
synonomy,  40,  41,  171. 
time  of  fruiting,  106,  108,  109. 
yield,  106. 


Lungly,  42. 

Lun  T'au,  lychee  region,  49,  96. 

Lun  T'ou,  see  Lun  T'au, 

Lu  Pu  Sz,  49. 

Luzon,  69. 

Lychee,  i,  33,  103. 

acid-soil,  151,  152,  167,  PI.  XX. 

age,  60. 

botany,  37,  39. 

chemical  analysis,  80,  81,  149. 

club,  1 60,  163. 

color,  loo,  i oi.' 

culture,  48-50,  114,  1 1 6,  117. 

cuttings,  10,  157,  158. 

description,  37-39. 

dishes,  75. 

dried,  75,  78,  79. 

experiments,  69,  157,  158. 

flavor,  91,  100,  101,  in,  156. 

flesh,  90. 

flush,  153. 

form,  90,  100,  101. 

fragrance,  91. 

frost  resistance,  u,  30,  54,  56,  57,69, 
82. 

fruit  park,  47,  116. 

fruit  worm,  85. 

greenhouse  culture,  156, 173. 

group,  34-36,  69. 

habitat,  39,  54. 

hill  types,  52. 

juice,  loo,  101. 

leaf  chafers,  83. 

leaf  galls,  84,  85,  164,  PI.  V. 

legends,  22. 

low  zero  point  of  growth,  153,  155, 
156. 

lungan,  73. 

market'  prices,  72,  73,  79. 

monographs  (See  Li  Chih  P'u),  16,  21, 
119,  1 20. 

mycorhizal  plant,  151,  152. 

national  fame,  51. 

nurseries,  52,  53,  167,  PI.  XVIII. 

nut  5,  32. 

orchards,  48,  49,  52,  58. 

origin  of  name,  13. 

ornamental,  66. 

painting,  164,  PI.  I. 

Philippine  wild,  69. 

potted  lychee,  66,  169,  PI.  XXIX. 

pronunciation,  13,  14. 

propagating-case,  158. 


INDEX 


183 


Lyche 

propagation,  9-11,  49,  50,  53,  64,  91, 

106,  116,  117. 
protection,  57,  60-64,  JI4>  l$&>  J66, 

seeds,  91,  100,  101. 

size  of  tree,  66. 

slave,  the  lungan,  160. 

spelling,  15. 

surface  texture,  100,  101. 

synonomy,  37. 

texture,  90. 

time  of  fruiting,  100,  101. 

transportation,  72. 

tree  borer,  85. 

tribute,  71. 

varieties,  87-102. 

village  nursery,  53. 

water-loving  plant,  9,  64,  69,  88,  89, 

95,117- 

wine,  75,  91,  160. 
winter  dormancy,  153,  155. 
writing  of  characters,  13,  14. 
yield,  1 66,  PI.  XIV. 

Ma  ch'iao  ch'un^  variety  of  lychee,  99, 

I43-. 

Macmillan,  Hugh  F.,  quoted,  in. 
Mai  kwai,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  143. 
Malay  Peninsula,  6,  34. 
Mango,  53,  57,  167,  PI.  XVIII. 
Manning,  Robert,  quoted,  8. 
Manuring,  61. 
Markets,  48,  87,  168. 

Canton,  71,  89,92,99. 

prices,  lychee,  72,  73,  79. 
Marketing,  71;  baskets,  166,  PI.  XII, 

168,  PI.  XXVII. 
Martinio,  Martino,  quoted,  24. 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,3O. 
Ma  tseuk  ch'un,  variety  of  lychee,  99, 

143- 

Ma  Un,  village,  98. 

Ma  Yuen,  village,  98. 

Mclean,  Indian  variety  of  lychee,  102. 

Meade,  Theodore  L.,  Florida  grower, 
112;  cited,  57. 

Medicinal  value,  7,  75,  117. 

Mediterranean  fruit  fly,  lychee  im- 
munity, 86. 

Met,  Prunus  mume,  S.  &  Z.,  50;  Range 
of  Mountains,  171. 

Mei  She,  Plum  Blossom  Club,  161. 


Meliona,  86. 

Meteorological  records, Canton,  153,154. 

Methods  of  planting,  60. 

Meyer,  Frank  M.,  shipment  received 

from,  113. 
Micropcltis,  86. 

Mi  kuei,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  143. 
Min-hao,  region  in  Fukien,  161. 
Miquel,  F.  A.  W.,  cited,  33. 
Mites,  84,  85. 

Mok  Fai  T'ong,  acknowledgment,  72. 
Mo  Hui  T'ang,  see  Mok  Fai  T'ong, 
Monographs.    See  Chinese  treatises. 
Montiero  de  Carvalho,  Jose,  cited,  7,  28. 
Most  round  lungan,  variety  name,  145. 
Mother's  shoe,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
Moth  larva,  85. 
Mountain  lychee,  variety  name,  9,  39, 

50, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69,  88, 89, 91, 98, 99, 

117,143,  170,  PI.  XXXVII. 
Mountainous  lychee  country,  49. 
MozufTerpore,  60. 
Mud,  river  beds,  use  of,  60. 
"Mui,"  Prunus  mume,  S.  &  Z.,  50. 
Mulching,  61. 
Muzaffarpur  seedless,  Indian  variety  of 

lychee,  102. 
Mycorhizal  fungi,  152,  167,  Pis.  XXI, 

XXII,  168,  PI.  XXIII. 
Mycorhizal  plant,  the  lychee,  151,  152. 

Nam  Hoi,  district  in  Kwangtung,  21, 47, 

48,87,110. 
Nam  Kong,  lychee  region,  49,  165,  PI. 

Nan  Fang  Ts'ao  Chuang,  cited,  18. 

Nan  Hai,  see  Nam  Hoi, 

Nan  Kang,  see  Nam  Kong, 

Nan  Yueh,  17. 

National  fame,  the  lychee,  51. 

Nepheliea,  6, 32,  33, 34. 

Nephelium,  6,  29,  30,  33. 

lappaceum  Linn.,  6,  35,  43. 

mutabile  Blume,  6,  35,  43. 
New  Zealand,  34. 
Night  soil,  6 1,  105,  1 06,  1 68,  Pis.  XXV, 

XXVI. 
No  mai  t'szy  variety  of  lychee,  10,  50, 

53,  66,  67,  73,  79,  89,  91    92,  93,  96, 

99, 100, 143, 1 69,  Pis.  XXX,  XXXI 1 1 
No  mai  t'un,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
No  mi  //z,  variety  of  lychee.    See  No 

mai  Csz. 


184 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


No  mi  tw'an.    See  No  mat  fun. 

No  no  'chihy  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Nooten,  Madam  B.  H.,  cited,  43. 

North  river,  45. 

Nurseries,  10,  52,  53,  60,  65,  66,  167,  PI. 

XVIII,  169,  PI.  XXVIII. 
Nursery  beds,  65,  168,  PI.  XXVII. 
Nurserymen,  Chinese,  2,  65, 66,  87, 167, 

Pis.  XVIII,  XIX. 

Nursery  stock,  sale  by  weight,  65,  66. 
Nursery  village,  52. 
Nut,  Chinese,  5;  lychee,  5,  32. 

Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Intro- 
duction, 112,  151. 
Officials,  Chinese,  7. 
Oliver,  G.  W.,  quoted,  67. 
Oranges,  48,  59. 

Orchards,  lychee,  48, 49,  58;  lungan,  58. 
Origin  of  name,  lychee,  13;  lungan,  15. 
Ornamentals,  lychee,  6,  66. 
Osbeck,  Peter,  quoted,  27;  cited,  172. 

Pat  la  li  chihy  variety  of  lychee,  98,  101, 

143- 

Pat  Ian,  Canarium,  50. 
Painting,  lychee,  164,  PI.  I. 
Pak  lamy  Canarium,  50. 
Pak  lap  lai  chiy  variety  of  lychee,  98, 

loi,  143. 

Pak  lik  fsZy  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
Pak  Shan,  lychee  region,  49,  170,  Pis. 

XXXV,  XXXVIII. 
Panama,  6,  113. 

P'an  T'ang,  region  near  Canton,  47. 
Pan  Yu,  district  in  Kwangtung,  91,  93, 

95,  96,  170,  Pis.  XXXV,  XXXVIII, 

XLI. 
Pearl  river,   45,    165,   Pis.   VIII,   IX; 

delta,  58. 
Peaty    type   soil,   most   promising    for 

lychee,  152. 
Pei  hu  lu,  cited,  19. 
Pei  Shan,  lychee  region.    See  Pak  Shan. 

PI.  XXXV. 

Pei  Wen  Chai,  cited,  16. 
P'ei  Wen  Yun  Fu,  cited,  162. 
Pennsylvania     State     College     Horti- 
cultural Mission,  I. 
Pentatomidcty  82,  83,  169,  PI.  XXXI. 
Pen  Tsao  Kang  Mu,  cited,  18,  104. 
Pen  Ts'ao  Tu  Ching,  cited,  87. 
Perak,  69. 


Pharmaceutical  Review,  cited,  30,  31. 

Philippines,  6,  n. 

Philippine  wild  lychee,  69. 

Phoenix  gem,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Picking,  62,  165,  PI.  XI. 

Pine  cone,  variety  of  lychee,  160,  162. 

P'ing  Chau,  lungan  region,  104,  no. 

P'ing  Chou,  lungan  region,  104,  no. 

Plantations,  dyked,  58. 

Plant  Immigrants,  cited,  171. 

Planting  distance,  58,  59;  methods,  60; 

time  of,  60. 

Plum,  49,  58,  1 65,  PI.  X. 
Plum  Blossom  Club,  161. 
Poems,  19. 

Poets,  Chinese,  7, 16,  19,  116. 
Pok  chihy  Chinese  term  for  air-layering, 

10,  64,  67. 

Po  le  tziiy  variety  of  lychee,  143. 
Pond  embankment,  variety  of  lychee, 

96,  144. 

Popenoe,  F.  W.,  cited,  31. 
Porto  Rico,  72,  in,  113. 
Po  tot,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  143. 
Potted  lychee,  66,  169,  PI.  XXIX. 
Preparation  of  cuttings,  158. 
Preservation  of  lychee,  5,  75,  117. 
President  of  a  Board  embraces,  variety 

of  lychee,  96,  143. 
Prices,  dried  fruit,  79;  fresh  fruit,  72, 

73;  wholesale,  72,  73. 
Problems    in    introduction,    113,    114, 

117. 
Pronunciation,  lychee,  13,  14;  lungan, 

J5- 

Propagation,  9-11,  49,  50,  53,  64,  91, 
106,116, 1 17,168,  PI.  XXVII. 

"budding,  10,  68. 

Chinese  air-layering,  pok  chihy  64,  67. 

grafting — tsieh  chihy  68,  106,  171. 

inarching — at  chihy  67,  106. 

seedling  method,  64,  106. 
Propagating-case,  lychee,  158. 
Protection  from  cold,  57,  60-64,  IJ4, 

156,  1 66,  PI.  XV;  from  insects,  60, 

61,  64;  from  sun  scald,  62,  63;  from 

thieves,  60. 
Pruning,  62. 
Pseudonepheliumfumatum  (Bl.)  Radlk., 

34,  69- 

Psidium  Guajava  L.,  156. 
Public  fruit  park,  Canton,  47, 48. 
Pulassan,  6,  33,  35,  43,  103. 


INDEX 


185 


Pulp,  lungan,  78. 
Pummelo,  48. 

P'un  T'ong,  region  near  Canton,  47. 
P'un  U,  district  in  Kwangtung,  47,  48, 
49,  65,  170,  Pis.  XXXV,  XXXVIII, 

Pu  tat,  variety  oflychee,  99,  143. 
P'ut'ien,  Fukien  province,  160. 
P'ut'ien  Hsien,  Fukien,  153. 
Putnam,  Herbert,  acknowledgment,  3. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Science,  quoted, 
in. 

Radlkofer,  Ludwig,  cited,  33,  34,  41; 

quoted,  164. 
Rainfall,  55,  56. 
Raised  bed  culture,  59,  117. 
Raised  bed  plantations,   C9,   168,  Pis. 

XXIV,  XXVI. 
Rambutan,  6,  33,  35,  43,  103. 
Rambutan  group,  35,  43. 
Range  of  lychee  and  lungan,  54. 
Read,  B.  E.,  cited,  76,  80,  81;  quoted, 

77,  80,  81. 
Reasoner  Brothers,  importers,  8,   112, 

113;  quoted,  57. 
Reasoner,  E.  N.,  quoted,  115. 
Recipes,  75. 

Reinking,  O.  A.,  quoted,  84,  86. 
Republic  of  China,  51,  92. 
Resistance  to  drought,  1 1,  69. 
Restaurants,  Canton,  75. 
Rhinoceros  horn,  variety  of  lychee,  94, 

?5,    143,    167,    PL    XIX,    169,    PI. 


Rice  cinnamon,  variety  oflychee,  143. 
Rice,  culture  with  lychee,  45,  52. 
River-bed  soil,  60. 
Rooting  lychee  cuttings,  157,  158. 
Rose-scented  lychee,  Indian  variety,  102. 
Round  rump,  variety  oflychee,  144. 
Roxburgh,  William,  cited,  1 1 1 ;  quoted,  8. 
Royal  Horticultural  Society,  28,  29. 
Royal  Palm  Nurseries,  Florida  growers, 

"3- 
Royal  red,  variety  of  lychee,  143,  170, 

PI.  XXXVIII. 
Rushes  in  the  pond,  variety  of  lychee, 

143- 

Sagittaria,  culture  with  the  lychee,  45, 
165,  PI.  VIII,  168,  PI.  XXV. 


Saharanpur,  climate  of,  56. 

Sai  kok  tsz,  variety  oflychee,  51,  94,  gc, 

143,  167,  PI.  XIX,  169,  PL  XXXIV! 
Sai  Kwan,  western  suburb  of  Canton, 

47- 

Saissetia  hemispherica,  85. 
Salting,  75. 

Salt  water,  ill  effects  of,  82. 
Sam  ut  hung,  variety  of  lychee,  79,  96, 

xxxvii43'  l65'  P1'  VI'  I7°'  P1* 

San  Hing,  lychee  region,  93,  94,  169,  PI. 

San  T'ong,  city,  52,  53,  167,  PI.  XVII. 
Sanyueh  hung,  variety  oflychee,  79,  96, 

xxxvn43'  l65'  PL  VI>  I7°'  PL 

Sapindacea,  6,  32,  33,  69,  104. 
Sapindaceous  fruits,  botany  of,  32-43. 
Sapindus,  32. 

acuminatus,  Raf.,  32. 

mukorosii,  Gaertn.,  32. 
Scale  insects,  85. 
Scarabeida,  83. 

Seeds  and  seedlings,  10,  64,  67,  157. 
Seeds,    lychee,    91,    loi;  lungan,    108, 

109;  shipment  of,  64,  114;  viability 

of,  64,  1  14. 

Semmedo,  Alvaro,  quoted,  23,  24. 
Seventh  month  ripe,  variety  of  lychee, 

144. 
Sha  Ch'ung,  village,  98 


Shan  chi,  variety  of  lychee,  10,  50,  64, 

xxxvii79'  98' 


I43' 


4, 

L 


Shan  chih.    See  Shan  chi. 

Shang  shou  huai,  variety  of  lychee,  96, 

101,  143. 

Shang  Yung,  lychee  region,  49,  93. 
Shap  ip  lung  ngan,  variety  name,  73, 

109,  1  10,  145. 

Sha  t'ang  li  chih,  variety  name,  143. 
Sha  t'ong  lai  chi,  variety  name,  143. 
Sha  Yung,  village,  98. 
Shek  hap  lung  ngan,  variety  name,  106, 

109,110,145. 
Shek  T  an,  station,  51. 
Shek  Wai  T'ong,  lungan  region,   104, 

no,  170,  PI.  XLI. 
She  p'i  lung  ngan,  variety  name,  106, 

109,  no,  145,  170,  PI.  XLI. 
She  p'i  lung  yen.   See  She  p'i  lung  ngan. 
Sheung  Ch'ung,  lychee  region,  49,  93. 


186 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Sheung  shu  wai,  variety  of  lychee,  96, 

101,  143. 
Shih   Ch'ung,   man    famous   for   great 

wealth,  161. 
Shih  hsia  lung  yen,  variety  of  lungan, 

106,  109,  no,  145. 
Shih)  persimmon,  50. 
Shih  Wei  T'ang,  lungan  region,  104, 

1 10,  170,  PI.  XLI. 
Shihyeh  lung  yen,  variety  of  lungan,  73, 

110,145. 

Shik  T'an,  station,  51. 
Shipping  seeds,  64,  1 14. 
Shu  I  Chi,  cited,  161. 
Shut  ching  ch'iu,  variety  of  lychee,  91, 

144. 

Shuifau  tsz,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Shuifou  tsu,  variety  of  lychee,  144.   • 
Shui  Sai  Ts'un,  village,  50. 
Shui  Si  Ts'un,  village,  50. 
Shui  tsing  k'au,  variety  of  lychee,  91, 

144. 

Shui  Wai,  locality,  56. 
Shun  Tak,  district  in  Kwangtung,  95. 
Shun  Te.    See  Shun  Tak. 
Siam,  ii. 

Si  Kuan,  western  suburb  of  Canton,  47. 
Singapore,  52. 
Sin  Hsing,  lychee  region,  93,  94,  169, 

PI  XXX 

Sin  T'ang,  city,  167,  PI.  XVII. 
Siu  i  k'un,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Six  months  leopard,  variety  of  lungan, 

.H5- 

Size  of  tree,  lychee,  66.  . 
Slave,  lychee,  the  lungan,  160 
Snake  skin  lungan,  variety  name,  no, 

145,  170,  PI.  XLI. 
Soapberry,  32. 
Soft   lungan,  variety  name,  145,  170, 

PL  XXXIX. 
Soil,  59,  60,  65,  89,  99. 

adaptation,  69 

experiments,  151. 

importance  of  in  growing  Kua  lu,  51. 

preparation,  60,  114. 

variations,  n,  69. 

Soil,  of  peaty  type  most  promising,  152. 
Sonnerat,  Pierre,  quoted,  27. 
Sour  lychee,  variety  name,  98,  144. 
South  China,  i,  6, 11,44,  58,  83,  89, 116, 

118;  climate,  155. 
South' China  Sea,  45. 


Sparrow  egg,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Spelling,  lychee,  15;  lungan,  15. 

Spraying,  formulae,  84. 

Staunton,  Sir  G.  L.,  quoted,  28. 

Stocks,  6,  11,41,50,67. 

Stone  gorge  lungan,  variety  name,  106, 
109,110,145. 

Straits  Settlements,  43. 

Stuart,  G.,  quoted,  76. 

Stuntz,  S.  C.,  acknowledgment,  2. 

Suan  chihy  variety  of  lychee,  98,  144. 

Sugar  cane,  52. 

Sugar,  variety  of  lychee,  143. 

Sumatra,  6. 

Sun  chi,  variety  of  lychee,  98,  144. 

Sung  chia  hsiang,  variety  of  lychee, 
144. 

Sung  Chio,  Li  Chih  P'u,  119;  cited,  20, 
56,  66;  translated  in  part,  160-163. 

Sung  family  fragrance,  variety  of  lychee, 
144. 

Sung  ka  heung,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 

Sung  lei,  variety  of  lychee,  162. 

Sung  Yu.    See  Sung  Chio. 

Sun  scald,  protection,  60. 

Sunwui,  district  in  Kwangturig,  98. 

Superstition,  62. 

Surface  texture,  lychee,  100,  101;  lun- 
gan, 108,  109. 

Su  Shih,  quoted,  19 

Sweet  cliff,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 

Swingle,  Maude  Kellerman  (Mrs.  Wal- 
ter T.),  acknowledgment,  24;  prepa- 
ration of  references,  160. 

Swingle,  Walter  T.,  acknowledgment, 
2>  3,  173;  contribution  by,  153-156. 

Synonomy,  botanical,  lychee,  37;  lun- 
gan, 40,  41,  171. 

Szchwan,  province,  u,  39,  44,  87. 

Ta  ho  pao,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tai  ho  pau,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tai  ngau  ku,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Tai  T'ong,  lungan  region,  104,  105. 
Tai  tso,  variety  of  lychee,  53,  94,  95,  97, 

101,  144,  167,  PI.  XIX. 
Tarn  shai  t'seng,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
T'ang  po,  variety  of  lychee,  95,  96,  144. 
Tang  Tao  Hsieh,  cited,  60,  61,  67;  Li 

Chih  P'u,  119. 

T'an  Hua,  a  literary  degree,  52. 
Ta  niu  ku,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Tan  shih  ch'ang,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 


INDEX 


187 


Ta  T'ang,  lungan  region,  104,  105. 
Tat-mo,  founder  of  Buddhism  in  China, 

93- 
Ta  tsaoy  variety  of  lychee,  53,  94,  95,  97, 

101,  144,  167,  PI.  XIX. 
Taylor,  W.  S.,  cited,  3 1 ;  Florida  grower, 

"3- 

Temperature,  54,  55,  64. 
Temperature,  high  for  rooting  cuttings, 

!57>  158. 
Ten  leaves  lungan,  variety  name,  no, 

145; 

Terminology  in  describing  fruits,  90. 
Terms,  Chinese  for  describing  fruits,  90, 

91. 

Terrace  hills,  49,  50, 166,  PI.  XV. 
Tessaratoma  papillosa ,  insect  enemy,  82, 

83,  169,  PI.  XXXI. 
Texture,  lychee,  90. 
Therapeutic  activity,  76. 
Thieves,  protection,  51. 
Thinning,  62;  of  fruit  and  flowers,  105. 
Third  month  red,  variety  of  lychee,  98, 

143, 165,  PL  VI,  170,  PL  XXXVII. 
T'ien  Pao,  T'ang  dynasty  queen,  87. 
Tien  y ch^  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tiger  skin,  class  of  lychee,  88. 
Time    of   fruiting,    lychee,    100,    101; 

lungan,  106,  108,  109.- 
Time  of  planting,  60. 
•T'im  nganty  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Ting  sz  ngaUy  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Ting  sz  niuy  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Ting  un  lung  ngan,  variety  name,  145. 
Ting  yuan  lung  yen,  variety  name,  145. 
Titoki  group,  35. 
Titokitree,34. 
Tobacco  stems,  use  of,  82. 
T'ongpok,  variety  of  lychee,  95, 96, 144. 
T'o  Wa,  lychee  region,  49,  96. 
Trade,  117. 

Transplanting.    See  Planting. 
Transportation,  72,  117. 
Travelers,  7. 

Treatises.    See  Chinese  treatises. 
Treatment  for  cuttings,  158. 
Treatments  for  Eriophyes,  84,  85. 
Tree  borer,  lychee,  85. 
Trees,  prices  of,  66. 
Tribute  lychee,  17,  71,  87,  88. 
Tribute  lychee,  variety  name,  144. 
Trigault,  Nicolas,  cited,  23,  24. 
Trimming,  60. 


Trinidad,  8,  113. 

Ts'ai  Hsiang,  Li  Chih  P'u,  2,  11,  120, 

164,  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  171;  cited,  16,  17, 

20,  62,  63,  66,  88;  quoted,  56,  72,  88, 

115. 

Tsai  ma  chihy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Ts'ao  Fan,  Li  Chih  P'u,  120. 
Tsao  hoy  variety  of  lungan,  106, 1 10, 145. 
Tsao  liy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tsang  river,  51. 
Tsang  Shing,  district  in  Kwangtung,  47, 

51,52,  59,62, 92, 94, 166,  PL  XVI,  169, 

PL     XXXIV,     170,     Pis.     XXXV, 

XXXVII,  XXXIX. 
Ts'at  ut  shuky  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tseng  Ch'ing.    See  Tsang  Shing. 
Tseung  kwan  laiy  variety  of  lychee,  50, 

144. 
Tsieh  chihy  Chinese  term  for  grafting, 

ip,  68,  106,  171. 
Ts'i  Min  Yao  Shue,  19. 
Ts'ing  Ming,  60. 
Ts'ing  piy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tsip  chihy  Chinese  term  for  grafting,  68. 
Ts'iuyuk  lung  ngan,  variety  name,  109, 

145. 

Ts'oi  ma  chiy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tso  laiy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Tso  W0y  variety  of  lungan,  106,  1 10,  145. 
Ts'ui  you  lung  yent  variety  name,  109, 

145. 

Tsunfung  laiy  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
TsZy  persimmon,  50. 
Tuan  Kung  Lu,  cited,  19. 
Tubercles,  on  roots  of  lychee,  152,  167, 

Pis.  XXI,  XXII,  168,  PL  XXIII. 
Tu  Huat  lychee  region,  49,  96. 
T'u  King  Pen  Ts'aOy  18. 
Tung  Kuan,  district  in  Kwangtung,  47, 

52,  53,  167,  Pis.  XVII,  XVIII,  XIX, 

168,  Pis.  XXIV,  XXVII,   169,  PL 

XXVIII. 

Tung  Kun.    See  Tung  Kuan. 
T'u  Pen  Tsun,  Li  Chih  P'u,  172. 
Typhoons,  56. 

United  States,  112,  113,  117,  118. 

United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, 10. 

U  lanty  Canarium,  50. 

Un  /'«»,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 

U  un,  variety  of  lychee,  106,  no,  145, 
170,  Pis.  XL,  XLI. 


188 


THE    LYCHEE    AND    LUNGAN 


Upland  culture.    See  Hill  type. 
Upland  orchards,  59, 1 17, 167,  PI.  XVII. 

Varieties,  19,  22,  49,  53,  87-102,  107, 

114,  143,  145,  146-148. 
Varieties,  lychee,  87-102. 
Varieties  of  lychee,  Kwangtung,  143, 144. 
Varieties  of  lungan,  Kwangtung,  145. 
Vegetable  hemp  plant,  variety  of  lychee, 

144. 

Viability  of  seeds,  64,  114. 
Village,  nursery,  53. 
Volcano,  variety  of  lychee,  162. 

"Waai" — a  dyked  enclosure,  45. 

Wai  chiy  variety  of  lychee,  46,  51,  64, 73, 

79,  89,  92,  96,  97,  98,  101,  144,  165, 

PI.  XI,  1 66,  PI.  XII,  167,  PI.  XVII, 

170,  PI.  XXXVI. 
Waichow,  19. 
Wai  river  lychee,  variety  of  lychee,  97, 

144,  165,  PI.  XI,  166,  PI.  XII,  167, 

PL  XVII,  170,  PL  XXXVI. 
Walker,  Robert  Sparks,  quoted,  7. 
Water  chestnuts,  45. 
Water  culture,  58,  61. 
Water  farming,  49. 
Water  float,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Water-loving  plant,  lychee,  9,  64,  69, 

88,89,95,117. 
Water  lychee,  9,  88,  89,  95. 
Water  type  of  lychee  culture,  48,  49. 
Watt,  George,  cited,  30. 
Weather,  54,  55;  Canton,  54,  55,  142, 

J53,     J55?  Florida    compared    with 

South  China,  153,  155. 
West  Indian  lime,  156. 
West  Indies,  6,  1 1 1 ,  117,  1 1 8. 
Western  Hemisphere,  32. 
West  river,  45. 
White  fragrant  plant,  variety  of  lychee, 

H3- 
White  wax  lychee,  variety  of  lychee,  98, 

Wholesale  prices,  72,  73. 

Wild  mountain  lychee,  variety  of  lychee, 

99,  144- 
Williams,  Mrs.  Rose  S.,  translation,  19. 


Winds,  effect  of,  55,  58,  82. 

Wine,  lychee,  75,  91,  160. 

Winter  dormancy,  lychee,  153,  155. 

Wong  ch'ung,  insect  enemy,  83. 

Wong  Tsun   Kang,   acknowledgement, 

Writers,  Chinese,  7,  22,  82,  87,  116,  117. 

Writing  of  characters,  lychee,  13,  14. 

Wu,  region  in  Kiangsu  Province,  161. 

Wu  Ch'i  Hsun,  cited,  21. 

Wulan.    See  U  lam. 

Wu,    Mien,    assistance    acknowledged, 

1 60. 
Wu  Tsao  Ao,  Chi  Li  Chih,  75,  172; 

cited,  75. 
Wu  Ti,  1 6,  17. 
Wu  Tsai  Ao,  cited,  75,  171. 
Wu  Ying  K'uei,  Ling  Nan  Li  Chih  Pu', 

120;  cited,  13,  17,  87,  88,  106,  107, 

171;  list    of    Kwangtung    varieties, 

146-148;  quoted,  2,  n. 
Wu  yuan,  variety  of  lungan,  106,  no, 

145,  170,  Pis.  XL,  XLI. 

Ya  niang  hsieh,  variety  of  lychee,  50, 

99,  143- 
Yau  ngan,  variety  of  lungan,  145,  170, 

PL  XXXIX. 
Yau  yen*  variety  of  lungan,  145,  170, 

PL  XXXIX. 

Ye  shan  chi,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Yeh  shan  chih,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Yield,  lychee,  166,  PL  XIV. 
Yield,  lungan,  106.  - 
Yik  chi,  synonym  for  lungan,  104. 
Yuan  Kiang,  21. 

Yuan  t'un,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Yiieh,  region  in  Chekiang  Province,  161. 
Yu  Lo  Nung,  21. 

Yu  ho  pao,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Yuk  ho  pan,  variety  of  lychee,  99,  144. 
Yunnan,  21,  44. 
Yu  ping,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Yuk  ping,  variety  of  lychee,  144. 
Yun-chien,  now  Huat'ing  in  Kiangsu, 

161. 

Zanonii,  Giacomo,  cited,  25. 


